Adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) from Wastewater by Sodium Alginate Modified Materials

Zhao, Yingying; Zhan, Linchuan; Xue, Zhongjun; Yusef, Kianpoor Kalkhajeh; Hu, Hongxiang; Wu, Mengjun

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5496712

Journal of Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 5496712 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5496712

Adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) from Wastewater by Sodium Alginate Modified Materials

Yingying Zhao,¹Linchuan Zhan,¹Zhongjun Xue,¹Kianpoor Kalkhajeh Yusef,¹Hongxiang Hu,¹and Mengjun Wu¹

Academic Editor: Khaled Mostafa

Received14 Apr 2020

Accepted17 Jun 2020

Published03 Aug 2020

Abstract

Natural macromolecule adsorbing materials are alternatives for remediation of heavy metals’ polluted waters. In this study, sodium alginate composite gel (SACL) was synthesized from sodium alginate (SA), polyethylene glycol oxide (PEO), and nanomaterials to remove wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II). The adsorption efficiency of SACL was analysed in relation to the contact time, initial concentrations of metal ions, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and solution pH. Three models, i.e., kinetic model, isothermal adsorption model, and thermodynamic model, were used to fit the experimental data. Our results showed that the highest removal rates of Cu (II) and Cd (II) from wastewater were 96.8% and 78%, respectively, under the condition of the best liquid-solid ratio of 12.5 ml·g⁻¹, and the contact time of 180 min (25°C). Overall, the SACL adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) was spontaneous. The adsorption kinetics and the isothermal adsorption were fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and Langmuir equation, respectively. Combined with SEM-EDS and FTIR analysis, results suggested that SACL adsorbs wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II) mainly through chemical reaction on its surface area. Altogether, this work concludes on SACL as an efficient and ecofriendly adsorbent for wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II).

1. Introduction

Worldwide, the discharge of heavy metals to water bodies is still of particular concern due to electroplating, mining, smelting, and chemical industry, as well as several other industrial and agricultural activities. Water pollution of heavy metals not only harms aquatic animals and plants but also threatens human health if it enters the food chain [1]. For instance, excessive amounts of copper (Cu), the second pollutant in industrial wastewaters, can poison the chlorophyll of aquatic plants [2–4]. Furthermore, industrial wastewater is the primary pathway discharging cadmium (Cd) into the environment. An environmental threshold concentration of 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ has been suggested for sewage Cd (Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard, China). So far, several approaches such as coagulation and precipitation [5, 6], ion exchange [7], and biological treatment [8] have been practiced for the remediation of heavy metals’ polluted waters. However, coagulation and precipitation and ion exchange methods are time-consuming and expensive, and they might produce secondary pollutants [9]. In contrast, biosorption methods are time-saving with high efficiency and simple operation [10]. As such, satisfactory results were seen for biochar, apatite, hydrotalcite, and manganese dioxide [11]. Alternatively, natural macromolecule adsorbing materials can also be taken into account to remove heavy metals from water samples [12]. For instance, Hamouz and Ali successfully applied polyphosphate to adsorb Pb (II) and Cu (II) from aqueous solution [13]. In another study, crab shells had a good inhibitory effect on Pb (II), Cd (II), and Cr (III) in wastewater [14]. Besides, struvite-natural zeolite composite had an excellent adsorption performance for wastewater Pb (II) with a maximum adsorption capacity of 750 mg·g⁻¹ [15]. Sodium alginate (SA) is a natural polymer polysaccharide with a molecular formula of (C₅H₇O₄COONa)n. Environmentally, SA is nontoxic with high biodegradability. Therefore, it can be widely used as a gel matrix, membrane material, and water-blocking agent [16]. Due to its high quantities of carbonyl groups and oxygen atoms, SA is an efficient adsorbent for metal ions [17]. However, SA does not have sufficient mechanical stability that, in turn, may result in the formation of a gel with low efficiency and damage its elasticity [18]. To respond to this challenge, cross-linking agents such as polyethylene oxides (PEO) are useful [19, 20]. PEO is a crystalline thermoplastic water-soluble polymer with the molecular formula of H-(-O-CH₂-CH₂-)n-OH. Changes in PEO molecular weight determine its properties [21]. In addition to SA, nanomaterials have been also suggested to be promising to remove environmental heavy metals due to their silica and phosphorus-containing minerals, recyclability, and specific surface area as large as 180 m²·g⁻¹. Xue et al. found that mesoporous ceramic functional nanomaterials could efficiently remove wastewater Cd (II) with an adsorption rate of 97.1 mg·g⁻¹ [22]. The hydrogel made by thermal cross-linking of polyacrylic acid and SA had significant adsorption properties for Cu (II) in water [23]. Similarly, a hydrogel made of chitosan, sodium alginate, and Ca (II) was effective to adsorb Cu (II), Cd (II), and Pb (II) in water [24]. In this study, a new type of adsorbent, sodium alginate composite gel (SACL), was prepared by synthesizing the natural polymer substance SA, the cross-linking agent PEO, and nanomaterials to remove wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II). Hence, the results of the present work can provide a basis for wastewater treatment using green and rapidly degradable natural adsorbing materials.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

We purchased SA and PEO from Bomei Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hefei, China, and nanomaterials from Gefeng Co., Ltd., Wuhu, China. The stock solutions of Cu (II) and Cd (II) were prepared using Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O (Beilian Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China) and CdCl₂ (Aladdin, Shanghai, China), respectively. HCl 36%, Ca (NO₃)₂·4H₂O 99%, HNO₃ 65%, NH₃·H₂O 25%, and acetone 99.5% were all used as received. Deionized water was used to prepare all solutions.

2.2. Synthesis of Composite Materials

Sodium alginate composite gel (SACL) was synthesized via the method suggested by Wang et al. [25]. In accordance, SA, PEO, and nanomaterials were mixed uniformly (2 : 1 : 4). Then, 200 ml of deionized water was added to the mixture and stirred thoroughly. Afterward, the mixture was added to 0.3 mol·L⁻¹ Ca(NO₃)₂∙3H₂O solution to synthesize SACL block. The final mixture was left overnight to stabilize, and the acetone solution was continuously added to the mixture to complete the solvent exchange. All steps of SACL preparation were carried out at room temperature (25°C).

2.3. Adsorption Experiment

We investigated the capability of SACL for removal of wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II) in relation to the contact time (30 to 300 min), initial ion concentration (50 to 1000 mg·L⁻¹), the dosage of adsorbent (1 to 10 g), pH (1 to 5), and temperature (20 to 45°C). Batch experiments were carried out in 250 mL conical flasks containing 50 mL of Cu (II) and Cd (II) solution. To do so, all solutions were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes, and then the supernatant was filtered (0.45 μm membrane filter) and diluted (1 : 50) to measure the concentration of the remaining Cu (II) and Cd (II) after SACL adsorption via inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, Thermo Scientific, Model 6000, USA). All experiments and measurements were replicated three times.

The adsorption capacity of Cu (II) and Cd (II) at equilibrium was calculated using the following equation:where is the adsorption capacity of wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II) by SACL (mg·g⁻¹); C and C_e are the initial and equilibrium concentrations of Cu (II) and Cd (II) in wastewater, respectively (mg·L⁻¹); V is the solution volume (L); m₀ is the amount of added adsorbent (g).

The removal rate of wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II) by SACL was calculated using the following equation:where U is the removal rate of wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II) by SACL (%); C and C_e are the initial and equilibrium concentrations of Cu (II) and Cd (II) in wastewater, respectively (mg·L⁻¹).

2.4. Characterization Techniques

Morphology, structure, and dispersion of SACL before and after adsorption were characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM, S-4800, Hitachi, Japan), and the functional groups of SACL before and after adsorption were obtained using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR spectra were recorded between 4000 and 400 cm⁻¹ using a Nicolette iS50 (Thermo Scientific, USA) spectrometer.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Characterization of SACL

The FTIR spectra and peaks of SACL, SA, and PEO are shown in Figure 1, respectively. Accordingly, changes occurred in almost all the peak values of the synthesized SACL, indicating successful combination of SA and PEO. Furthermore, changes took place in the peak values of SACL after adsorption of wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II) (Figure 2; Table 1). A broadened -OH stretching vibration adsorption peak appeared at 3440 cm⁻¹, mainly caused by -OH ion of SACL; -CH stretching vibration peak appeared at 2924 cm⁻¹; C=O stretching vibration peaks appeared at 1617 cm⁻¹ ; C-H bending vibration peak appeared at 1420 cm⁻¹; C-O stretching vibration peak appeared at 1026 cm⁻¹; C-H bending vibration absorption occurred at 876 cm⁻¹. The change of the peak value of SACL indicates that SACL can effectively adsorb Cu (II) and Cd (II) in the waste water, thereby causing the peak value to move or weaken.

Before adsorption experiment, SACL had numerous pores of different shapes and specifications (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)), facilitating Cu (II) and Cd (II) transmission into its inner structure [1]. After adsorption, multiple small particles appeared on the inner surface of SACL (Figures 3(c) and 3(d)). These observations and analyses revealed that SACL removes metal ions not only through pore filling but also through adsorption on its inner surface.

From Figure 4, large absorption peaks appeared for C and O before and after SACL adsorption of wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II). This is due to the high contents of C and O elements in SACL. The adsorption peaks of Cu (II) and Cd (II) by SACL were 9.7% and 6.1%, respectively, suggesting that SACL has certain adsorption capacities for these metal ions (Table 2).

(a)

(b)

3.3. Adsorption Mechanism

3.3.1. Adsorption Kinetics

The adsorption rate of metal ions is determined by their migration from the solution to adsorbing sites. This is a time dependent process. To explore the adsorption process of metal ions by SACL in relation to time, the adsorption models were employed. Therefore, the experimental data were fitted with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model (in (3)) and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (in (4)) as follows [39, 40]:where q_a is the amount of adsorption for a period of time (mg·g⁻¹); t is time (min); A and B are the model parameters.

Data of SACL adsorption of wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II) at different times fitted with the adsorption kinetic models are presented in Table 3. Based on the determination coefficients (R²) and standard errors, our results revealed that the pseudo-second-order dynamic model was superior, suggesting that it explains better the SACL adsorption of wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II). Besides, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model is used to prove that the chemical reaction rate is related to the restrictive steps [41]. This suggests that Cu (II) and Cd (II) adsorption by SACL is a chemical process, and the adsorption sites determine the adsorption rate.

3.3.2. Adsorption Isotherm

The isothermal adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) by SACL is fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich models via (5) and (6), respectively [42]:where q is the equilibrium adsorption quantity (mg·g⁻¹); q_n is the maximum amount of adsorption (mg·g⁻¹); p_e is the equilibrium concentration (mg·L⁻¹); n, k_l, and k_e are the adsorption constants.

Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation can also define a dimensionless separation factor (Rl) using the following expression:

Rl can be used to indicate the nature of the adsorption process. Accordingly, the adsorption is unfavourable if Rl > 1, the adsorption behaviour is linear if Rl = 1, and the adsorption is irreversible if Rl = 0 [43].

From Table 4, it was demonstrated that the determination coefficients of Langmuir model were higher than those of Freundlich model. In addition, the maximum adsorption amount obtained by fitting Langmuir model was close to the actual adsorption amount; hence, it can better describe the behaviour of SACL adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II). Since Langmuir isotherm equation is a single-molecule adsorption equation [44, 45], we can conclude that the adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) occurred on SACL surface. However, the Rl values were 0 < Rl < 1, indicating that the adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) by SACL is favourable.

3.3.3. Adsorption Thermodynamics

The present study examined the SACL adsorption process of Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions in relation to temperature via Gibbs free energy change (ΔG), enthalpy change (ΔH), and entropy change (ΔS) as expressed by the following equations:where k is the constant; C_a is the equilibrium concentrations of Cu (II) and Cd (II) (mg·L⁻¹); C_i is the residual concentrations of Cu (II) and Cd (II) (mg·L⁻¹); R is the ideal gas constant, 8.314 (J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹); and T is the adsorption temperature (K).

As presented in Table 5, the negative ΔG values indicate that the SACL adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) is spontaneous [46], and the rate of adsorption decreased with increasing temperature. In contrast, ΔH had positive values, indicating that the SACL adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) is an endothermic process. However, ΔS positive values indicate that SACL adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) is a process of increasing entropy [47].

3.3.4. Interaction Mechanism

Enormous carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups on the SACL surface can directly adsorb metal ions. In addition, Ca (II) on the surface of SACL can be exchanged with Cu (II) and Cd (II), thereby reducing their concentration in wastewater. Nanomaterials contain a large number of cations, which will undergo ion exchange reactions with Cu (II) and Cd (II) [47]. In addition, the specific surface area of the nanomaterials is large, and Cu (II) and Cd (II) can also be adsorbed in this way. Therefore, combining SA with nanomaterials can significantly increase the effective adsorption sites and capacity of SACL for Cu (II) and Cd (II) removal. Furthermore, the physiochemical properties of metal ions determine their adsorption [48]. Besides, in a binary system, competitive adsorption occurs between the metal ions, differentiating their adsorption amount. Herein, the SACL adsorption capacity for Cu (II) was higher than for Cd (II). This can be justified by the polarity of water molecules; hence, the negative charge of water oxygen atom can form a ligand with metal ions. In accordance, the lower SACL adsorption of Cd (II) is attributed to its larger hydration radius, resulting in a weak ligand with oxygen atoms (Table 6) [49, 50]. Conversely, the oxygen atoms of SACL easily form covalent bonds with the metal ions with strong electronegativity, resulting in a higher amount of Cu (II) adsorption (Table 6) [51].

3.4. The SACL Adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) Compared with the Existing Literature

The capabilities of different adsorbing materials after modification of sodium alginate (SA), as raw material, to remove Cu (II) and/or Cd (II) are shown in Table 7. Overall, SA modification improves its adsorption performance of metal ions. As can be seen from Table 7, the previous works mainly focused on the adsorption of single ion or ions of the same period. Meanwhile, in this study, we successfully applied SACL to simultaneously adsorb Cu (II) and Cd (II) with different periods.

3.5. Reusability of SACL

To investigate the reusability of SACL, desorption experiments were carried out with 0.05 mol·L⁻¹ HNO₃. As shown in Figure 10, after four desorption cycles, the removal rates of Cu (II) and Cd (II) by SACL were still as high as 85% and 60%, respectively. These values verified the strong reusability of SCAL for removal of metal ions. However, decreasing the removal rates of metal ions may be due to the weight loss of SACL after four times’ desorption [57].

(a)

(b)

4. Conclusions

In this study, we successfully prepared sodium alginate composite gel (SACL) from sodium alginate (SA) to remove Cu (II) and Cd (II) from wastewater in relation to several parameters (e.g., temperature, pH, dosage of adsorbent, initial concentration of metal ions, and contact time). The maximum removal rates of Cu (II) and Cd (II) were 96.8% and 78%, respectively, under the optimum experimental condition of liquid-solid ratio of 12.5 mg·L⁻¹, rotation speed of 150 rpm, temperature of 25°C, and contact time of 180 min. The experimental data confirmed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model could fit well the SACL adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II). The isothermal adsorption model revealed that Langmuir equation was superior to describe Cu (II) and Cd (II) adsorption by SACL. Thermodynamic model showed that adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) by SACL was spontaneous. Nevertheless, there were still adsorption sites remaining on the SACL surface, which could sufficiently adsorb wastewater Cu (II) and Cd (II). Altogether, our results concluded on SACL as a cheap adsorbent for rapid removal of Cu (II) and Cd (II) from wastewater, which might also provide a scientific basis for removal of other heavy metals from water environments.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

Yingying Zhao conceived the experiment and conducted experimental work, drafted the manuscript, and made a series of modifications. Linchuan Zhan helped analyse the experimental data. Zhongjun Xue proposed experimental suggestions for improvement during the experiment. Hongxiang Hu and Yusef Kianpoor Kalkhajeh made suggestions for the manuscript, which greatly helped the completion of the thesis. Mengjun Wu participated in the recording and collection of experimental data. All authors gave approval for publication.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YED0801105 and 2018YED0800203).

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Copyright © 2020 Yingying Zhao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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