Lithium Sulfide as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Challenges

Table 1

Electrochemical performance of various lithium sulfide-based cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries.

Cell type	Modified material	Cathode material	Current density	Capacity (mA·g^−1)@cycle number	Voltage (V)	Li2S content (wt. %)	Mass loading	Ref.
Half cell	Metal	Li2S-Fe	—	600@1	0–3	62.2	—	[16]
	Metal	Li2S-Cu	64 μA·cm^−2	300@30	0–3	68.4	—	[17]
	Carbon materials	Li2S-C nanocomposites	116.6 mA·g^−1	411@50	1.5–2.8	67.5	0.794 mg·cm^−2	[18]
	Carbon materials	Li2S/C composites	583 mA·g^−1	652@100	1.6–3.4	72	1.0 mg·cm^−2	[19]
	Carbon materials	Li2S-C-PVP	116.6 mA·g^−1	420@50	1.5–3.0	60	1.5 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[20]
	Carbon materials	Li2S/C	233.2 mA·g^−1	305@92	0.2–4.6	50	—	[21]
	Carbon materials	Li2S@C-Co-N composites	233.2 mA·g^−1	929.6@300	1.5–3.0	52	2.0 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[22]
	Carbon materials	3D CNT/graphene-Li2S	233.2 mA·g^−1	958.3@300	1.5–3.0	81.4	4.0 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[23]
	Carbon materials	Nano-Li2S/rGO paper	1166 mA·g^−1	617.6@145	1.7–2.8	50–60	0.8–1.5 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[24]
	Carbon materials	Li2S-graphene composites	116.6 mA·g^−1	510@100	1.5–3.5	82	1.0 mg·cm^−2	[25]
	Carbon materials	Li2S/N-doped graphene	583 mA·g^−1	403@300	1.7–2.8	50–55	2.0 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[26]
	Carbon materials	Li2S@Ni-P-S@graphene	583 mA·g^−1	540@300	1.5–2.8	60.6	2.0 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[27]
	Carbon materials	Li2S-rGO nanocomposites	116.6 mA·g^−1	315@100	1.6–3.5	66	0.96 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[28]
	Carbon materials	Li2S-porous carbon black composites	167.2 mA·g^−1	578@100	1.8–2.6	71	2.0 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[29]
	Carbon materials	Highly nitridated graphene-Li2S composites	233.2 mA·g^−1	480@500	1.7–2.8	66.3	1.2 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[30]
	Carbon materials	Li2S/C hybrids	116.6 mA·g^−1	570@200	1.0–3.0	74	3–3.5 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[31]
	Carbon materials	Li2S@C	116.6 mA·g^−1	800@15	1.2–3.0	51.3	1.0 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[32]
	Carbon materials	Li2S-C nanocomposites	1166 mA·g^−1	648.5@50	1.2–3.5	90	2.5–3 mg·cm^−2	[33]
	Carbon materials	Hierarchical C-Li2S-C nanocomposites	583 mA g^−1	910@100	1.2–2.8	60	1.0 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[34]
	Carbon materials	Nano-Li2S@C	233.2 mA·g^−1	766.4@200	1.7–2.8	72.3	2.8 mg·cm^−2	[35]
	Carbon materials	3D-rGO-Li2S@C	116.6 mA·g^−1	563@100	1.6–2.8	75	2.5–3.5 mg·cm^−2	[36]
	Carbon materials	Carbon felt-carbon black-Li2S@C	1166 mA·g^−1	567.5@200	1.7–2.8	—	7 mg·cm^−2	[37]
	Carbon materials	Thermally exfoliated graphene-Li2S	116.6 mA·g^−1	791@100	1.2–2.5	53	1.3 mg·cm^−2	[38]
	Carbon materials	Li2S@graphene	160 mA·g^−1	600@200	1.4–3.0	88	10.0 mg·cm^−2	[39]
	Carbon materials	Li2S@C	2 mA·cm^−2	644@700	0.9–2.4	38	7.0 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[40]
	Carbon materials	Li2S@PC-CNT	500 mA·g^−1	502@300	1.8–2.85	68.2	1.3 mg·cm^−2	[41]
	Carbon materials	Li2S/graphene composites	97.2 mA·g^−1	508@40	1.5–3.5	78.3	0.5 mg·cm^−2	[42]
	Carbon materials	Li2S@PC	1166 mA·g^−1	252@200	1.5–3.0	70	2.4 mg·cm^−2	[43]
	Carbon materials	Li2S@C composites	1166 mA·g^−1	493.2@300	1.7–2.8	68	—	[44]
	Carbon materials	3D-rGO-Li2S/C composites	1166 mA·g^−1	415@100	1.5–3.0	40	0.8–1.0 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[45]
	Carbon materials	Carbon paper supported Li2S@C	116.6 mA·g^−1	430@100	1.7–2.8	36	2.0 mg·cm^−2	[46]
	Carbon materials	Li2S@N-doped carbon nanofibers	1166 mA·g^−1	338@200	1.7–2.8	50.6	9.0 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[47]
	Carbon materials	Li2S/N,P-C composites	583 mA·g^−1	520@100	1.7–3.0	62	2.0 mg·cm^−2	[48]
	Carbon and oxide	Li2S/TiO2-hollow carbon nanofibers	2332g^−1	366.4@340	1.2–3.0	67	—	[49]
	Carbon and oxide	Al2O3-Li2S-graphene oxide sponge	233.2 mA·g^−1	736@150	1.8–2.6	58	1.2–1.5 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[50]
	Carbide	Ti3C2/Li2S	233.2 mA·g^−1	440@100	1.8–2.8	60	0.8 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[51]
	Sulfide	Li2S@TiS2	583 mA·g^−1	666@400	1.8–2.6	51	1.0 mg·cm^−2(Li2S)	[52]
	Organics	Li2S-polypyrrole composites	233.2 mA·g^−1	573@400	1.8–2.6	86	1.0 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[53]
Full cell	Carbon materials	Li2S-mesophase carbon microbeads	232 mA·g^−1	280@50	0.1–2.75	50	—	[54]
	Carbon materials	Li2S/mesoporous carbon nanocomposites	389 mA·g^−1	234@20	1.2–2.6	58.9	1.1–1.4 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[55]
	Carbon materials	Li2S/graphite	97.2 mA·g^−1	410@100	0.5–3.5	80.6	2.2 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[56]
	Carbon materials	Li2S-rGO	232 mA·g^−1	472@150	0.2–2.6	55	1.0–1.2 mg·cm^−2 (Li2S)	[57]