Effect of Acetone-n-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) as an Oxygenate on Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of a Spark Ignition Engine

Table 1

Properties of test fuels [33–36].

Parameters	Gasoline	Acetone	Butanol	Ethanol
Chemical formula	C4∼C12	C3H6O	C4H9OH	C2H5OH
Lower heating value (MJ/kg)	43.4	29.6	33.1	26.8
Density (kg/m^3)	715∼765	790	810	790
Energy density (kJ/m^3)	32.20	23.38	26.81	21.17
Octane number	90	—	87	100
Oxygen content (wt.%)	—	27.6	21.6	34.8
Boiling temperature (°C)	25–215	56.2	118	78
Latent heat of vaporation (25°C) (kJ/kg)	380∼500	518	716	904
Self-ignition temperature (°C)	∼300	465	343	420
Stoichiometric AFR	14.7	9.0	11.2	9.0
Saturation pressure at 38°C (kPa)	62∼90	53.4	2.27	13.8
Laminar flame speed (cm/s)	∼33^A	∼34^B	∼48^C	∼48^C

Note: ^Ap = 1 atm, T = 325 K; ^Bp = 1 atm, T = 298 K; ^Cp = 1 atm, T = 343 K.