The Groundwater Geochemistry and the Human Health Risk Assessment of Drinking Water in an Area with a High Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu), Sri Lanka

Table 4

Physicochemical data of collected drinking water samples from both CKDu prevalent and reference GNDs.

Parameter and unit	Girandurukotte GND (CKDu prevalent area)			Dambethalawa GND (non-CKDu area)			Drinking water standard [50]
	Minimum	Maximum	Mean ± SD	Minimum	Maximum	Mean ± SD
pH	6.63	8.74	7.03 ± 0.52	6.32	9.66	6.93 ± 0.29	6.5–8.5
Temperature (°C)	27.85	31.20	28.65 ± 3.21	26.52	30.25	27.53 ± 2.53	—
DO (mg/L)	4.26	7.52	6.80 ± 1.26	5.41	15.62	9.52 ± 4.56	6.5–8.0
EC (μS/cm)	111.63	1111.67	396.89 ± 242.77	10.20	647.00	210.76 ± 148.82	400
Ca (mg/L)	0.06	1.94	1.05 ± 0.90	0.35	1.25	0.58 ± 0.20	75
Mg (mg/L)	44.56	12.36	20.29 ± 5.60	1.26	4.56	2.035 ± 0.04	100
Na (mg/L)	3.88	30.25	8.08 ± 5.26	3.59	18.96	5.98 ± 3.29	200
K (mg/L)	0.20	0.45	0.29 ± 0.25	0.63	1.20	0.73 ± 0.01	200
Cd (μg/L)	0.03	0.34	0.13 ± 0.07	0.01	0.02	0.02 ± 0.002	3
Cr (μg/L)	20.75	103.35	54.75 ± 18.38	22.85	89.65	39.94 ± 10.25	50
Pb (μg/L)	0.08	0.66	0.20 ± 0.13	0.02	0.05	0.04 ± 0.00	10
As (μg/L)	9.77	187.27	30.18 ± 14.20	1.83	13.56	5.80 ± 2.30	10
Cu (μg/L)	0.42	7.54	1.06 ± 0.27	0.32	3.81	1.38 ± 0.40	2000
Fe (μg/L)	8.24	484.61	108.31 ± 54.37	45.62	79.62	58.00 ± 6.50	300
Mn (μg/L)	86.92	344.92	118.45 ± 67.04	23.95	102.36	51.59 ± 18.02	400
Zn (μg/L)	2.00	85.16	18.40 ± 16.66	0.02	1.20	1.03 ± 0.01	300
Al (μg/L)	42.36	93.98	54.27 ± 22.50	64.52	15.20	21.56 ± 5.04	100
F^− (mg/L)	0.24	5.74	1.63 ± 1.40	0.24	0.85	0.62 ± 0.23	1.0
(mg/L)	0.99	0.126	0.96 ± 0.24	0.52	1.52	0.74 ± 0.31	0.03
(mg/L)	13.53	114.57	60.28 ± 31.84	20.85	89.65	68.52 ± 15.62	70
(mg/L)	10.29	35.62	20.56 ± 9.54	9.52	12.35	14.52 ± 6.35	50

SD = Standard deviation.