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| Product | Biomass | Process | Results | Reference |
|
| Biochar | CPH | Low-temperature pyrolysis with residence times of 30–120 minutes in 30-minute intervals. | Biochar with a calorific value of 17.8 MJ/kg with high potassium content. The resulting biofuel has characteristics similar to lignite. | [40] |
| Biochar | CPH | Pyrolysis at temperatures of 250, 300, and 350°C. Activation process with HCl to reduce the values of free fatty acids to use cooking oil used in the production of biodiesel. | The activated carbon generated from CPH showed better retention of free fatty acids than the esterification treatment with H2SO4. | [84] |
| Bioethanol | CPH | Fermentation using Zymomonas mobilis in a period of 0–8 days. The percentages of microorganisms added were 8–16% v/v. | An alcohol graduation of 10.62% was obtained under 8 day conditions with a concentration of 14% v/v. | [85] |
| Bioethanol | CM | Fermentation using Pichia kudriavzevii for 5 days at a temperature of 30°C. | The result shows that the maximum ethanol concentration was 13.8 g/L. | [86] |
| Bioethanol | CM | Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for fermentation for 12 days. | The bioethanol production was 4.85%; it is reported as a low concentration for the amount of mucilage. | [87] |
| Bioethanol | CBS | Fermentation with variation in the amount of yeasts during 6 days of the process; hydrolysis pretreatment with H2SO4 at temperatures of 30–80°C in periods of 50–150 minutes. | 8.46% bioethanol was produced under pH 8 conditions, with a yeast concentration for fermentation of 0.05 mg/g in 6 days of the process. pH was determined to be the main influencing factor. | [88] |
| Biogas | CPH | Fermentation process with the application of four pretreatments, acid (H2SO4), alkaline (H2O2), ground without treatment, and the last one not ground without treatment. | The biogas yields by pretreatment were acid 162.8, alkaline 564.8, ground without treatment 220.8, and unground without treatment 243.3; the highest production was obtained on day 18 of the process. | [89] |
| Biogas | CPH | The aerobic digestion process together with a hydrothermal pretreatment was used at different temperatures (150–220°C) in times of 5–15 minutes. | The untreated CPH biogas production was estimated at 357l (N)/kgVS, while the biogas production from pretreated biomass was 526.38L(N)/kgVS at 150°C for 15 minutes. | [90] |
| Biogas | CM | Fermentation process for 25 days with a pretreatment of a NaOH and NaOH-H2O2 solution. | The biogas produced was obtained in a concentration of 66.07% with a yield of 0.734 m3 CH4/kgVS. | [45] |
| Biohydrogen | CM | Fermentation process at two temperatures 35°C and 55°C; the organic load of volatile compounds 4, 8, and 12 gVS/L was determined. | The amount of gas produced daily was measured. The reaction was faster at 55 °C, the generation of the product was from the fifth day. The load was determined in 12 gVS/L and the hydrogen production of 703 mL. | [91] |
| Biohydrogen | CM | Fermentation of the biomass in a load of 10 gVS/L at a temperature of 35 °C at a pH of 5.5 in a period of time of 12 days. | The amount of biohydrogen produced was 3674.021 mL, which is equivalent to 91.85 mL H2/gVS. | [92] |
| Pig manure |
| Coffee mucilage |
| Biomethane | CBS | Fermentation for the production of biomethane from lignocellulosic material with a pretreatment with N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide at a temperature of 120°C for 3 hours. | The effect of the pretreatment was compared against an untreated control sample, in which the biomethane production increased from 199 to 226 ml of CH4/gVS. This effect was more relevant for rice straw with an 82% increase. | [93] |
| Rice straw |
| Hazelnut skin |
|
| Bio-oil | CPH | Pyrolysis at different temperatures from 300°C–600°C in 100°C steps | Bio-oil with a calorific value of 36.23 MJ/kg with characteristics similar to diesel. Biogas with a calorific value of 35.24 MJ/kg presented high values of CO2, CO, CH4, H2S, and H2O. | [94] |
| Biogas |
| Liquid smoke | CBS | Pyrolysis with temperatures of 450, 500, and 550°C with an increase of 5–15°C/minute. | The concentration of liquid smoke obtained was 18–23%. The higher speed of heating produced a greater quantity of coal, ash, and water; the calorific power of the product was 22.97 MJ/kg. | [95] |
| Biochar |
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