Synergetic Effect between Phenolic Extracts of <i>Ammi visnaga</i> and <i>Zea mays</i> Formulation on the Corrosion of Mild Steel in 1 M HCl Solution

Aourabi, Sarra; Driouch, Majid; Kadiri, Mariya; Achnine, Noura; Sfaira, Mouhcine; Mahjoubi, Fatima

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5589175

Journal of Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 5589175 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5589175

Synergetic Effect between Phenolic Extracts of Ammi visnaga and Zea mays Formulation on the Corrosion of Mild Steel in 1 M HCl Solution

Sarra Aourabi,¹Majid Driouch,¹Mariya Kadiri,¹Noura Achnine,¹Mouhcine Sfaira,¹and Fatima Mahjoubi¹

Academic Editor: Liviu Mitu

Received23 Feb 2021

Accepted30 Apr 2021

Published21 May 2021

Abstract

The synergetic effects between hydroethanolic extracts of A. visnaga HE (AV) and Z. mays hairs HE (ZM) on corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution was investigated at 298 K by two techniques: potentiodynamic polarization (PP) methods (Tafel and Stern & Geary) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The mixture of HE (AV)/HE (ZM) acted as an efficient corrosion inhibitor and its inhibition efficiency increased with concentration up to 96.55% at 0.01 gL⁻¹ HE (AV)/0.2 gL⁻¹ HE (ZM). The polarization curves revealed that the mixture acted as a mixed-type inhibitor, with anodic predominant action. The EIS studies were fitted by the (R_s + CPE_dl)/(R_ct + CPE_f/R_f) equivalent circuit model. The kinetic parameters were in favor of a physisorption character of adsorption of HE (AV)/HE (ZM) components onto the mild steel surface. The influence of exposure time on the efficiency of mixture extract was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) analyses confirmed the formation of a protective adsorbed film upon the mild steel surface.

1. Introduction

Corrosion of metals causes huge economic losses of billions of dollars every year in several industries around the world [1]. One of the most practical and economical methods to protect industrial equipment from corrosion is the application of corrosion inhibitors [2]. Unfortunately, most of these corrosion inhibitors can present a high risk to the environment and humans [3–6]. However, plant extracts have become a more important corrosion inhibitor due to their low toxicity, high availability, and simple preparation [5]. According to the literature [7], most recent contributions are those using plant extracts to inhibit corrosion of steel in acid solutions, for example, Ammi visnaga extract [8–10], corn silk [11], and a mixture of Hevea brasiliensis (rubber) and leaf of Zea mays (corn cob) [12]. It is clear from these studies that the inhibitory properties of plant extracts are generally attributed to their variety and complex organic substances [13]. Recently, we presented electrochemical experimental evidence demonstrating that the hydroethanolic extract of Ammi visnaga [10] and the hydroethanolic extract of Zea mays hairs acted as a good corrosion inhibitor on mild steel in 1 M HCl solution [14]. PP studies have shown that HE (AV) functions as a mixed-type inhibitor and HE (ZM) acted as a mixed-type inhibitor with anodic predominant action in the hydrochloric acid system. Integrated EIS measurements with Nyquist diagrams revealed that HE (AV) and HE (ZM) have increasing corrosion inhibition efficiency with rise of concentration. In recent years, there has been great need to improve the inhibitory effect of green inhibitors and therefore reduce the cost of economic loss; eventual synergism can be considered as an effective way to improve the inhibiting efficiency of extracts.

In this work, we provide an extension of an earlier study on the synergistic inhibition effect between HE (AV) and HE (ZM) on corrosion of mild steel in 1 M HCl solution by electrochemical techniques. The thermodynamic parameter allows determining the type of adsorption on metal surface. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to exemplify the surface morphology of mild steel with and without inhibition intervention, in order to obtain more information on the corrosion inhibition effect of HE (AV)/HE (ZM) on mild steel in a 1 M HCl solution.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Vegetal Material

Ammi visnaga (A. visnaga) and Zea mays (Z. mays) hairs were collected at the fruiting time in July 2019 in the Province of Taounate. The areal part was dried in the shade in a dry place and then crushed for later use. Samples were deposited at the herbarium of the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Preservation of Natural Resources of the Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco.

2.2. Material

The mild steel samples (containing 0.11wt.% C, 0.24 wt.% Si, 0.47 wt.% Mn, 0.12 wt.% Cr, 0.02 wt.% Mo, 0.10 wt.% Ni, 0.03 wt.% Al, 0.14 wt.% Cu, 0.06 wt.% W, Co < 0.0012 wt.%, V < 0.003 wt.%, and bal. Fe) were obtained by the conventional method widely reported in the literature [15]. The aggressive solution of 1 M HCl was prepared by dilution of analytical grade 37% HCl with bidistilled water. The different concentrations of a mixture of HE (AV)/HE (ZM) were prepared with 1 M HCl addition.

3. Methods

3.1. Preparation of Phenolic Extracts

Phenolic extracts of A. visnaga and Z. mays hairs were obtained by ultrasounds with 45 Hz, 50 W, and 308 K, mixing the dry powder with ethanol/water (70 : 30) for 45 min. The extracts were filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.

3.2. Electrochemical Measurements

The electrochemical measurements were performed using a conventional three-electrode glass cell with a thermostat double wall conducted by potentiostat/galvanostat (SP-150) and controlled with analysis software (Ec-Lab V11.20). The mild steel specimen was used as working electrode (Ag/AgCl, 3 M KCl) as reference electrode and platinum as auxiliary electrode. The polarization curves acquired from potentiodynamic polarization experiments were recorded in the potential range ±250 mV of open-circuit potential E_ocp, with a scan rate of 1 mV s⁻¹. The corrosion parameters such as cathodic Tafel slope β_c, corrosion current density i_corr, and corrosion potential E_corr were extracted by extrapolation from cathodic Tafel linear segment and were evaluated by Ec-Lab V11.20 software. The (S&G) method, based on the determination of the polarization resistance R_p of mild steel in the test solutions, was applied by exploiting the linear plot in the potential range of ±25 mV, around E_corr. The impedance experiments were realized using a transfer function analyzer (Ec-Lab V11.20) in the frequency range domain from 10⁵ to 10⁻¹ Hz, with small perturbation amplitude of 10 mV peak to peak, at E_ocp. Before polarization and EIS measurements, the working electrode was left, in the test solution, during 30 min at E_ocp potential. The impedance spectra were analyzed according to an appropriate equivalent circuit.

3.3. Analyzing the Surface Using a Scanning Electron Microscope

The surface morphologies of the samples were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM model FEI Quanta® 250) equipped with EDX probe microanalysis of surfaces. The micrographs were taken after immersion of the samples in the corrosive solution for 24 h, with and without 0.01 gL⁻¹ HE (AV) + 0.2 gL⁻¹ HE (ZM).

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Electrochemical Behavior of Mild Steel in the Presence of Mixture HE (AV) + HE (ZM) Extracts

4.1.1. Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements (PP)

At 298 K, the PP curves of mild steel in 1 M HCl in the presence and absence of different concentrations of HE (AV) + HE (ZM) are shown in Figure 1. We have taken the best concentration of HE (AV) which gave the best inhibition effect and it mixed with different concentrations of HE (ZM) until the inhibiting effectiveness achieved its maximum. Indeed, the objective is to recover the Z. mays waste which is characterized by a better yield as well as by important polyphenolic content especially flavonoids when compared to the HE (AV) extract [10]. These measurements were carried out under the same conditions as those used for HE extracts alone.

As shown in Figure 1, in the presence of HE (AV) and HE (ZM) mixture, both the anodic and cathodic curves shift to lower current densities, accompanied by the emergence of lower values of current densities with the increase of concentration of HE (ZM), while the concentration of HE (AV) remains constant at 0.01 gL⁻¹. In the use of HE (AV)/HE (ZM) mixture, E_corr gradually shifts to positive direction, which can be ascribed to adsorption of active molecule on the metal surface in acid solution [16]. Therefore, HE (AV)/HE (ZM) mixture could be classified as mixed type corrosion inhibitors with cathodic predominant control.

In the cathodic domain, the addition of different concentrations of mixture induces an important decrease of the partial cathodic current corresponding to the reduction of the proton H⁺. For the anode branch, it is noticed that the current density remains lower than that of the blank for potentials lower than those of the desorption potential (E_d), from which the potential current curves are considerably closer to those of the blank. The sharp increase in current can be related to the marked desorption of the adsorbed inhibitor [17].

The electrochemical parameters of corrosion process are given in Table 1. Meanwhile, based on PP measurements, the inhibiting efficiency is calculated by the following equation:where i_corr and i_corr/inh are the corrosion current density values in the presence and absence of the mixture, respectively.

The inhibition efficiency η_S&G% derived from S&G method is calculated from the polarization resistance, using the following equation:where R_p and R_p/inh are the polarization resistance values with and without different concentrations of mixture, respectively.

From Table 1, it is demonstrated that the corrosion of mild steel is inhibited on account of i_corr value decreasing when the mixture is added to the solution. The cathodic reaction process is retarded due to the increase of the cathodic Tafel slopes when different concentration of HE (ZM) is jointly added in the solution.

In this work, only the concentration of HE (ZM) is changed because the current density registered decreases significantly. In the opposite, when the concentration of HE (AV) is changed, the current densities current does not show any remarkable variation in the density current (not reported here). Besides, the goal is to recycle ZM waste. In the presence of HE (AV) and HE (ZM) taken separately, the current densities are 49.81 µA cm⁻² and 82.56 µA cm⁻², respectively [10, 14]. However, i_corr decreases significantly with the formulation which means that mild steel corrosion is intensely delayed by these inhibitors’ mixture, and a strong synergism inhibitory effect is obtained between HE (AV) and HE (ZM).

The corrosion inhibition effect gradually becomes better when the concentration of HE (ZM) in the mixture increases up to 0.2 g L⁻¹ HE (ZM). The highest R_p values of individual HE (AV) and HE (ZM) are 738.7 Ωcm² at 0.01 g L⁻¹ [10] and 679.00 Ω cm² at 0.15 g L⁻¹ [14], respectively. In the presence of the mixture HE (AV)/HE (ZM), the R_p value increases up to 1272 Ω cm², indicating that the melange improves consequent resistance and acts as good corrosion inhibitor. Similar to the situation of individual inhibitor use, the polarization resistance values of inhibitor mixture increase with the increase of the concentration of HE (ZM) in the mixture [10]. It should be noted that there is a recorded difference between the two methods (Tafel, S&G) resulting from the stationary polarization, which intervenes at the level of the different approximations on which each of them is based. Otherwise, the inhibitory efficiencies derived from S&G method are in the same trend as those obtained by Tafel method.

4.1.2. EIS Measurements

The Nyquist and Bode plots for mild steel in 1 M HCl at 25°C with different concentrations of inhibitors are shown in Figure 2. All Nyquist plots (A, B, and C) show an increase of loops size with increasing concentration of HE (ZM) in the mixture HE (AV)/HE (ZM) compared with that in the blank solution, indicating that the mixture slows down remarkably the corrosion process of mild steel. As seen from Figure 2, when the mixtures of HE (AV)/HE (ZM) are added in the solution, the diameters of semicircles become larger than those obtained by HE (AV) and HE (ZM) separately [10, 14], suggesting that the corrosion process is further inhibited when HE (AV) is jointly used with HE (ZM) when compared to the separate use of individual inhibitor.

(a)

(b)

For different mixing concentrations of HE (AV)/HE (ZM), there are two separated maximum phases in the Bode diagram (Figure 2(a)). To confirm this hypothesis, we have simulated the experimental diagrams using the simple circuit (R_s + CPE_dl/R_ct, Figure 3(a)) and the two-time constant circuit (R_s + CPE_dl/(R_ct + CPE_f/R_f), Figure 3(b)).

(a)

(b)

The Bode diagram (Figure 2(a)) simulated by the simple circuit shows a poor simulation of experimental and simulated spectra, which indicates a second time constant is recently to fit adequately. The first phenomenon at low frequency can also be attributed to the adsorption, and the second phenomenon at mild frequency can be attributed to the charge transfer of inhibitor on the metal surface. For this reason, we have tried several equivalent circuits to obtain inappropriate simulation. Therefore, the circuit (R_s + CPE_dl/(R_ct + CPE_f/R_f)) offers a better superposition of the experimental and simulated spectra in the representation of Nyquist (A) and Bode (B) for the mixture. Therefore, the best fitting is obtained by the circuit equivalent to two time constants. The equivalent circuit employed is presented in Figure 3, where R_s represents the solution resistance, R_ct represents the charge transfer, R_f represents the film resistance, and CPE is the constant phase element.

The electrochemical impedance parameters for mild steel in 1 M HCl in the presence of the formulation HE (AV)/HE (ZM) are obtained by fitting of impedance diagrams by the simple circuit RQ for the blank solution and those with 2RQ (two time constants) are reported in Table 2. The values of the pseudocapacitances (C_dl, C_f) are determined by the two following equations according to [18, 19]

The inhibition efficiency is calculated with the following equation:

In the absence of the formulation, the polarization resistance corresponds to the charge transfer resistance (R_p = R_ct), while in the presence of inhibitors, the value of R_p is given by the sum of two contributions: R_p = R_ct + R_f and is the total resistance for blank.

It can be observed from Table 2 that the addition of different concentration of HE (ZM) in the mixture to the solution causes an increase in R_ct and a decrease in C_dl which confirms the synergistic inhibition effect between HE (AV) and HE (ZM). The highest ɳ_EIS% values of individual HE (AV) [10] and HE (ZM) [14] are 91.94% and 93.97% at 0.01 gL⁻¹ and 0.15 gL⁻¹, respectively. However, ɳ_EIS% is 96.53% for the combination between 0.01 gL⁻¹ HE (AV) and 0.2 gL⁻¹ HE (ZM). Examining the efficiency obtained with the mixture and those using other natural products [20–22], we can conclude that the proposed formulation is very effective for the reason that we get the intense efficiency at low concentrations.

According to the results obtained from EIS and PP methods [10], we have noticed that the inhibiting efficiency obtained by HE (ZM) is due to the presence of flavonoids, especially flavone. Meanwhile, inhibition effect of HE (AV) is due to the presence of condensed tannins, especially catechin. This observation for HE (ZM) and HE (AV) could be attributed to the presence of adsorption centers of oxygen, the heterocyclic oxygen atom, benzyl groups, O–H, C=O, and C–O, and the presence of electron-rich multiple bonds, which meets the effectively responsible for blocking active sites on the metal surface. In addition, when the metal is immersed in the inhibiting solution, the heteroatoms give free, nonbinding electrons for the unoccupied orbits of the metal atom, which ensures strong and stable bonds (coordination bonds) between the inhibitor and the metal surface [23]. Thus, catechin and flavone were capable of forming chelates with metal cations because of the presence of an oxygen atom associated with the heterocyclic as an adsorption site and hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings (Figure 4) [24] which promote surface protection by forming a barrier film on the surface that reduces the diffusion or movement of ions on the metal surface [25].

Meanwhile, when HE (AV) + HE (ZM) are mixed, the number of active sites increases and the number of metal complex formations probably increases and therefore the inhibiting efficacy probably increases (Figure 4).

4.1.3. Comparison between R_ct of HE (AV) + HE (ZM) and a Commercial Inhibitor

Dodecylamine (C₁₂H₂₇N) is a commercial inhibitor [26, 27] that has been extensively studied as a metal inhibitor in corrosive environments. Several studies have focused on the study of dodecylamine alone or mixed with other organic or green compounds as corrosion inhibitor; Zhenyu et al. [22] studied the inhibiting efficiency of dodecylamine against corrosion of carbon steel in an acid medium of 0.3 M HCl. They found that dodecylamine results in a maximum increase in charge transfer resistance to 32.6 Ωcm² at a concentration of 125 ppm and at temperature of 30°C during 30 min of immersion. Gonzalez [21] studied the synergistic inhibition between dodecylamine and Aloe vera (gel and Acibar) on the corrosion of 1 M HCl carbon steel. It is discovered that simple dodecylamine inhibits the corrosion of carbon steel, which reaches 1674 Ωcm² at a concentration of 500 ppm after 15 h of immersion at 25°C with corrosion potential at 1000 tr.min⁻¹. On the other hand, when the immersion time is 2 hours, the resistance reaches 1180 Ωcm². After the addition of Aloe vera (gel and Acibar) to dodecylamine, the inhibition rate remains almost unchanged compared to the use of dodecylamine alone, which shows that there is no synergy between these compounds. In our study, the mixture provides a strength of 1702 Ωcm² at a concentration of 0.01 gL⁻¹(AV)/0.2 gL⁻¹ HE (ZM) during 30 min immersion of the mild steel in 1 M HCl at a temperature of 25°C.

4.1.4. Effect of Temperature

The effect of temperature constitutes an important factor in the stability of inhibitive behavior of mixture inhibitor. In the present study, the effect of temperature from 298 to 333 K is studied at the optimum concentration of 0.01 gL⁻¹ HE (AV) + 0.2 gL⁻¹ HE (ZM) by EIS. The Nyquist diagrams simulated by the equivalent circuit (R_s + CPE_dl/(R_ct + CPE_f/R_f)) in the presence and absence of the mixture at 25°C are given in Figure 5. This circuit allows a perfect fitting between the measurements obtaining experimental and theoretical data. The electrochemical parameters deduced from the impedance spectra are summarized in Table 3. From these results, we note the important diminution of R_ct values when the temperature of blank solution increases and enhances the C_dl and Q_dl values in both uninhibited and inhibited solutions. In the presence of the tested inhibitor, the dissolution of mild steel is extensively retarded. The inhibition efficiencies are found to decrease with increasing the solution temperature from 298 to 333 K. This behavior can be interpreted from the fact that the increase in temperature causes desorption of the inhibitor from the surface of mild steel.

(a)

(b)

The values of activation energy E_a are estimated using Arrhenius equation:where E_a is the apparent effective activation energy, R is the general gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and A is the frequency factor.

Since it is known that the corrosion rate is inversely proportional to R_ct, the values of ln (1/R_p) and ln (R_pT)⁻¹ were plotted as a function of 1000/T in Figures 6(a) and 6 for the corrosion mild steel in 1 M HCl solution in the presence and absence of 0.01 gL⁻¹ HE (AV)/0.2 gL⁻¹ HE (ZM).

(a)

(b)

The kinetic parameters such as enthalpy and entropy of corrosion process which may also be evaluated from the temperature effect as well as E_a are listed in Table 4. An alternative formulation of Arrhenius equation is called transition state, given by the following equation:where h is Planck’s constant (h = 6.6252 10⁻³⁴ J s), N is Avogadro’s number (N = 6.023·10²³ mol⁻¹), ΔS^∗ is the entropy of activation, and ΔH^∗ is the enthalpy of activation.

From Table 4, we notice that the higher value of activation dissolution energy E_a and A factor in presence of inhibitor, when compared to the blank, indicates that strong inhibition action of the mixture is by increasing the energy barrier for the corrosion process, emphasizing the electrostatic character of the inhibitor (physisorption phenomenon) [28]. The positive sign of the activated enthalpy ΔH∗ means that the dissolution phenomenon is of endothermic nature [29]. The entropy of activation ΔS^∗ in the presence and absence of the inhibitor is largely negative. This indicates that the activated complex in the rate determining step represents an association rather than dissociation step, meaning that a decrease in disordering is taking place ongoing from reactants to the activated complex [30].

4.1.5. Immersion Time

The Nyquist plots simulated by (R_s + CPE_dl/(R_ct + CPE_f/R_f)) for mild steel in 1 M HCl solution in the presence of 0.01 gL⁻¹ HE (AV)/0.2 gL⁻¹ HE (ZM) extract at different immersion times are shown in Figure 7. As seen in the presence of the mixture, the size of the semicircle which gives an indication about the charge transfer resistance of mild steel decreases with exposure time.

Figure 6 indicates that, in the presence of the mixture, the R_ct values show exponential decrease with immersion time. Since the R_ct value is inversely proportional to corrosion rate, the decrease in R_ct values or, in other words, the increase in the corrosion rate may be discussed on the basis that prolonged immersion of mild steel in acid solution allows the cathodic or hydrogen evolution kinetics to increase [31, 32].

4.1.6. SEM and EDX Analyses

The image of the mild steel surface by SEM with a resolution of 100 µm after 24 hours of immersion in 1 M HCl alone (Figure 8(a)) shows that the surface of the latter is characterized by the presence of grey spots and some pitting on the surface of the metal, which indicates that the steel is strongly damaged by corrosion almost widespread over the entire surface of the wall in the presence of 1 M HCl. The mild steel immersed in 1 M HCl with 0.01 HE (AV)/0.2 gL⁻¹ HE (ZM) presents a smooth surface (Figure 8(b)), indicating that the surface is protected by the formulation of 0.01 HE (AV)/0.2 gL⁻¹ HE (ZM). This observation is probably due to the formation of a good protective film of mixture onto the mild steel surface [33].

(a)

(b)

5. Conclusion

We studied the synergistic effect of the HE (AV)/HE (ZM) mixture on the inhibiting efficiency of mild steel in 1 M HCl medium. The results found showed that the studied mixture is a good inhibitor of mild steel corrosion, compared to dodecylamine. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of the inhibitors follows a physisorption mechanism. Temperature had a negative influence on inhibitory efficiency; in general, an increase in temperature significantly decreased inhibiting efficiency. This can be explained by the fact that the anodic (oxidation of steel components) and cathodic (reduction of protons in acidic environment) processes are thermally activated. The inhibiting efficiency of this mixture decreases with immersion time. The results are confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis.

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Laboratory of Engineering, Modeling, and Systems Analysis (LIMAS), Faculty of Sciences, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA), Fez.

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Copyright © 2021 Sarra Aourabi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Journal of Chemistry

Synergetic Effect between Phenolic Extracts of Ammi visnaga and Zea mays Formulation on the Corrosion of Mild Steel in 1 M HCl Solution

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Vegetal Material

2.2. Material

3. Methods

3.1. Preparation of Phenolic Extracts

3.2. Electrochemical Measurements

3.3. Analyzing the Surface Using a Scanning Electron Microscope

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Electrochemical Behavior of Mild Steel in the Presence of Mixture HE (AV) + HE (ZM) Extracts

4.1.1. Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements (PP)

4.1.2. EIS Measurements

4.1.3. Comparison between Rct of HE (AV) + HE (ZM) and a Commercial Inhibitor

4.1.4. Effect of Temperature

4.1.5. Immersion Time

4.1.6. SEM and EDX Analyses

5. Conclusion

Data Availability

Conflicts of Interest

Acknowledgments

References

Copyright

4.1.3. Comparison between R_ct of HE (AV) + HE (ZM) and a Commercial Inhibitor