Review Article

Microbial Enzymes Used in Bioremediation

Table 1

Properties and applications of various microbial enzymes from different microorganisms.

S. no.Microorganisms and enzymesSubstrateOptimum temperature (°C)Optimum pHMol. wt (kDa)ApplicationReference

1Pseudomonas putida F6 (cell-free extracts laccase)Syringaldazine (SGZ)307.059Degradation of synthetic dyes[7]
2Streptomyces cyaneus (cell-free extracts laccase)2,2′-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline -6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)604.5Oxidation of micropollutants such as BPA, DFC, and MFA[8]
3Geobacillus thermocatenulatus (cell-free extracts laccase)ABTS604.542.5 65Decolorization of textile dyes, especially Congo red and bromophenol blue[9]
4Bacillus safensis (cell-free extracts laccase)376.2Decolorization of commercially available dyes[10]
5A. gonensis (cell-free extracts laccase)ABTS605.0160Bioremediation of wastewater[11]
6Rhodococcus rhodochrous (cell-free extracts P450)Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)307.2Degradation of RDX[12]
7Bacillus megaterium (purified P450)1-Monochloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (1-MCDD), 2,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3-DCCD), 2,3,7-trichloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7-triCDD)307.5120Hydroxylation of PCCDs[13]
8Mycobacterium sp. (cell-free extracts P450)306.6Biodegradation of morpholine[14]
9Bacillus sp; Geobacillus (purified amylase)Diethylethanolamine (DEAE)908.0Starch liquefaction[15]
10Bacillus subtilis (cell-free extracts lipase)Olive oil457.0Bioremediation of wastewater[16]
11Bacillus pumilus (cell-free extracts lipase)Palm oil507.0Degradation of palm oil containing industrial wastewater[17]
12Chromobacterium viscosum (cell-free extracts lipase)377.0Degradation of PBSA, PCL, PBS[18]
13Bacillus subtilis (cell-free extracts lipase)Olive oil378.0Removal of trough oil or grease stains from detergent[19]
14Sphingobacterium sp. strain S2 (cell-free extracts lipase)Chromogenic PNPL377.040Degradation of PLA[20]
15Pseudomonas putida (cell-free extracts dehydrogenase)4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde308Catabolism of 2,4-xylenol[21]
16S. rhizophila (cell-free extracts dehydrogenase)Polyvinyl alcohol and vinyl alcohol oligomer307.2Polyvinyl alcohol degradation[22]
17Bacillus subtilis (cell-free extracts serine protease)Feather culture medium255–825.4Degradation of casein and feather[23]
18Chryseobacterium sp. strain kr6 (cell-free extracts protease)Chicken feathers308Complete degradation of feathers[24]
19Bacillus pumilus keratinase (cell-free extracts protease)Chicken feathers378Complete degradation of feathers[25]
20Streptomyces thermoviolaceus (cell-free extracts protease)Muscle, collagen, hair, nail, feathers55840Hydrolyze fibrin, muscle, collagen, nail, and hair[26]
21Thermoanaerobacter keratinophilus (purified extracellular protease)Anaerobic complex medium with chicken feathers, merino wool, or human hair858135Degradation of keratin fibers[27]
22B. subtilis (purified protease)Casein50844Deproteinization of crustacean wastes[28]
23Ancylobacter aquaticus (purified dehalogenase)Monochloroacetate37925Degradation of halogen acid ester[29]
24Bacillus sp. (cell-free extracts dehalogenase)2,4,6-Trinitrobromophenol (TBP)377.5Degradation of TBP[30]
25Ochrobactrum (purified dehalogenase)TBBPA35117Degradation of TBBPA[31]
26Pseudomonas sp. TL (purified dehalogenase)2-Chloropropionoate659.528Degradation of halogen acid[32]

Note: denotes incubation temperature and pH in enzyme-catalyzed reactions are not optimum.