Phycoremediation of Synthetic Dyes: An Effective and Eco-Friendly Algal Technology for the Dye Abatement

Table 3

Abatement of various synthetic dyes by algae.

Algae	Synthetic dyes	Experimental conditions: initial dye conc. (mg/L), pH, time (hr), temp (^oC), biomass (g/L)	% removal	References
Chlorella vulgaris	Aniline blue	25, —, —, 264, —, —	58	[52]
Gonium sp.	Reactive Blue 220	—, 8, 336, —, —	84.2	[53]
Gracilaria verrucosa	Phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicide 2,4-D	—, —, —, —, —	47	[54]
Haematococcus sp.	Malachite green	100, —, —, —, 1	67	[55]
Oscillatoria sp.	Blue dye	—, 10, 336, —, 3	76.48	[1]
	Red dye	—, 10, 336, —, 3	62.63
Spirogyra sp.	Blue dye	—, 10, 336, —, 3	78.29
	Red dye	—, 10, 336, —, 3	64.21
Scenedesmus bijuga	Monoazo and diazo	—, —, 48, 25, —	68	[31]
Vaucheria sp.	Malachite green	—, 8.5, 17.5, —, —	85.9	[25]
Coelastrella sp.	Rhodamine B	100, 8, 480, 30, —	80	[56]
Chlorella vulgaris	Methylene blue	100, —, —, —, —	83.04	[57]
Ulva lactuca	Methylene blue	25, 10, —, —, 2.5	4.012	[58]
Sargassum sp.	Acid Black 1	40, 4.2, 0.5, —, —	96.8	[59]
Oedogonium subplagiostomum AP1	Methyl orange	500, 6.5, 132, —, 0.4	97	[60]
Sargassum crassifolium	Malachite green	5, 8, 2.5, 25, 2	98.3	[61]
Chlorella vulgaris	Yellow dye	10, —, 336, —, —	3.12	[17]
Sphaerocystis schroeteri	Yellow dye	10, —, 336, —, —	45.03
Cosmarium sp.	Malachite green	10, 9, —, —, —	87.1	[62]
Desmodesmus sp.	Methylene blue	20, —, 144, —, —	98.6	[63]
	Malachite green
Spirogyra sp. (CKW1) and Cladophora sp. (PKS33)	Reactive blue azo dyes	100, 7, 168, 30, —		[64]
Spirulina platensis	Acid Black 210	125, 2, 1, 60, 0.5	98.55	[65]
	Acid Blue 7	125, 2, 1.25, 60, 0.5	97.05
Chlorella vulgaris	Reactive Black 5	200, 5, 240, 40, —	80	[66]
	Direct Blue 71	200, 8, 240, 40, —	78
	Disperse Red 1	300, 8, 240, 40, —	84
Oscillatoria sp.	Malachite green	5, —, 120, —, 0.2	93	[67]
	Methylene blue	5, —, 120, —, 0.2	66
	Safranin	5, —, 120, —, 0.2	52
Nostoc sp.	Malachite green	100, 5, —, 50, —	97.13	[54]
Ulva lactuca	Methylene blue	100, 6, 1, —, 0.1	67	[35]
	Malachite green		78
Ulva lactuca	Methylene blue	25, 8, 2.83, —, 1.25	91.92	[4]
Spirogyra sp.	Synazol	—, 3, 18, 30, 8	85	[68]
Chlorella sp.	Malachite green	—, 10, 2.5, 25, -	80.7	[69]
Ulothrix sp.	Methylene blue	90, 7.9, 0.5. 37, 1	86.1	[70]
Turbinaria conoides	Acid Blue 9	100, 1, 3.75, 33, 3	87.64	[71]
Padina sanctae-crucis	Methyl violet	10, 8, 1.33, 25, 2	98.85	[72]
Chara sp.	Malachite green	9.7, 6.8, 1.25, —, 3.9	57.81	[25]
Scenedesmus quadricauda	Malachite green	6, 6, 1.15, —, 0.004	73.49	[73]
Chlorella vulgaris	Malachite green	6, 6, 1.15, —, 0.004	91.61
Chlorella vulgaris	Congo red	50, —, 216, 35, —	100	[74]