Occurrence of Pharmaceutical Residues and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Water and Sediments from Major Reservoirs (Owabi and Barekese Dams) in Ghana
Table 3
Ecological risk assessment of water samples from Barekese and Owabi reservoirs.
Pharmaceutical
MEC (μg/L)
PNEC (μg/L)
HQ
Comment
Barekese
Fish (2.5000)
0.74
Medium risk
Amoxicillin
1.86
Daphnia (1.1000)
1.69
High risk
Algae (1.0000)
1.86
High risk
Fish (0.5400)
1.57
High risk
Chloramphenicol
0.85
Daphnia (0.5430)
1.57
High risk
Algae (0.1850)
4.59
High risk
Fish (0.5320)
8.20
High risk
Diclofenac
4.36
Daphnia (0.0220)
198.18
High risk
Algae (0.0145)
300.69
High risk
Fish (1.0350)
21.48
High risk
Metronidazole
22.23
Daphnia (0.1000)
222.3
High risk
Algae (0.1250)
177.84
High risk
Fish (0.3780)
0.42
Medium risk
Paracetamol
0.16
Daphnia (0.0092)
17.39
High risk
Algae (0.1340)
1.20
High risk
Fish (2.5000)
0.15
Medium risk
Owabi
Amoxicillin
0.37
Daphnia (1.1000)
0.34
Medium risk
Algae (1.0000)
0.37
Medium risk
Fish (0.5400)
0.98
Medium risk
Chloramphenicol
0.53
Daphnia (0.5430)
0.98
Medium risk
Algae (0.1850)
2.86
High risk
Fish (0.5320)
202.80
High risk
Diclofenac
107.89
Daphnia (0.0220)
4904.09
High risk
Algae (0.0145)
7440.69
High risk
Fish (0.3780)
0.40
Medium risk
Paracetamol
0.15
Daphnia (0.0092)
16.30
High risk
Algae (0.1340)
1.12
High risk
implies minimum risk, implies medium risk, and implies high risk [20]. MEC: maximum estimated concentration; PNEC: predicted no-effect concentration; HQ: hazard quotient.
