Essential Oil from Hibiscus Flowers through Advanced Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation and Conventional Hydrodistillation

Table 2

The average chemical composition of compounds in hibiscus flower oil.

Types	Compounds	Molecular formula	MW	Mass percentage of chemical compounds in crude extract (%)
				MAHD	HD
Aldehyde	2,3-Dihydroxy propanal	C3H6O3	90.10	12.58 ± 0.1	10.34 ± 0.1
	Acetaldehyde	C2H4O	44.04	0.62 ± 0.1	0.53 ± 0.1
	1,4-Butanediol	C4H6O2	86.10	1.65 ± 0.2	1.43 ± 0.1
	Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-7-carbaldehyde	C8H12O	124.2	2.80 ± 0.1	3.50 ± 0.1
Amine	1-Isopropyldiaziridine	C4H10N2	86.13	0.75 ± 0.1	0.92 ± 0.1
	Ethylenediamine	C2H8N2	60.10	6.71 ± 0.1	5.42 ± 0.2
	1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine	C3H6N6	126.12	2.48 ± 0.1	2.32 ± 0.1
	Methylguanidine	C2H7N3	73.10	0.73 ± 0.1	0.83 ± 0.3
	2-Butanamine, (S)-	C4H11N	73.13	2.72 ± 0.1	2.53 ± 0.2
	N-Formyl-β-alanine	C4H7NO3	117.10	2.36 ± 0.1	2.22 ± 0.1
	2-Methyl-piperazine	C5H12N2	100.20	0.80 ± 0.1	0.69 ± 0.1
Amide	N-ethyl-propanamide	C5H11NO	101.20	10.69 ± 0.1	9.89 ± 0.1
	2-Methyl- propanamide	C4H9NO	87.12	0.58 ± 0.1	0.74 ± 0.2
	1-(2-Adamantylidene)semicarbazide	C11H17N3O	207.30	0.68 ± 0.2	0.47 ± 0.2
Alcohol	2-Propen-1-ol	C3H6O	58.10	0.98 ± 0.1	1.00 ± 0.2
	Tetrahydro-, trans-3,4-furandiol	C4H8O3	104.10	0.91 ± 0.2	0.76 ± 0.1
	3-Piperidinol	C5H11NO	101.14	0.28 ± 0.1	0.45 ± 0.1
	1,5-Pentanediol	C5H12O2	104.15	0.48 ± 0.1	0.54 ± 0.2
	2-Methyl-1-propanol	C4H10O	74.12	1.57 ± 0.1	1.32 ± 0.1
	(Z)6,(Z)9-pentadecadien-1-ol	C15H28O	224.40	1.70 ± 0.1	1.90 ± 0.1
Alkyne	1-Octyne	C8H14	110.20	0.45 ± 0.1	0.62 ± 0.2
Acid	Succinamic acid	C4H7NO3	117.10	0.66 ± 01	0.58 ± 0.1
	Thioacetic acid	C2H4OS	76.12	1.08 ± 0.1	1.10 ± 0.2
	Citramalic acid	C5H8O5	148.10	0.36 ± 0.1	0.50 ± 0.2
	Dodecahydropyrido[1,2-b]isoquinolin-6-one	C13H21NO	207.30	0.35 ± 0.1	0.23 ± 0.2
Ester	Ethanimidic acid, ethyl ester	C4H9NO	87.12	31.43 ± 0.2	29.23 ± 0.2
	Carbamic acid, ethylnitroso-, ethyl ester	C5H10N2O3	146.14	0.82 ± 0.1	0.90 ± 0.1
	Propanedioic acid, oxo-, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester	C11H18O5	230.25	0.08 ± 0.1	—
	o-Methylisourea hydrogen sulfate	C2H8N2O5S	172.20	4.06 ± 0.1	3.90 ± 0.2
	6-Acetyl-β-d-mannose	C8H14O7	222.20	0.08 ± 0.1	—
	Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester	C17H34O2	270.45	2.99 ± 0.1	3.01 ± 0.1
	Decanoic acid, ethyl ester	C12H24O	200.32	0.77 ± 0.1	0.98 ± 0.1
Ether	Trimethyl-oxirane	C5H10O	86.13	0.78 ± 0.1	0.90 ± 0.1
	1-(3-Methyloxiranyl)-ethanone	C5H8O2	100.11	0.18 ± 0.1	0.20 ± 0.1
	Ethoxy-ethene	C4H8O	72.10	3.63 ± 0.2	3.49 ± 0.1
Other	Isothiazole	C3H3NS	85.12	0.17 ± 0.1	0.21 ± 0.2
	2,3-Dioxabicyclo[2.2.1] heptane	C5H8O2	100.10	0.07 ± 0.1	—

(-) not detected, ^amean, and ± standard deviation.