Comparative Chemical Profiling and Biological Potential of Essential Oils of Petal, Choke, and Heart Parts of Cynara scolymus L. Head

Table 1

Chemical constituents of essential oils derived from vegetable parts (petal, choke, and heart) of C. scolymus L. using GC/MS.

No.	Compound	RtLit	RtB	RtC	RtH	CSP%	CSC%	CSH%	Identification^a
1	n-Butyric acid 2-ethylhexyl ester	4.41	6.6	t	t	0.55	t	t	1, 2
2	Benzeneacetamide, α-ethyl-	5.18	t	t	6.77	t	t	2.93	1,2
3	O-α-D-glucopyranoside,	5.33	10.17	t	t	5.01	t	t	1
4	Cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl-	6.02	—	6.21	—	—	0.44	—	1, 2
5	d-Gala-l-ido-octonic amide	6.05	6.96	t	t	1.44	t	t	1, 2
6	2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde	7.20	t	8.84	t	t	2.01	t	1, 2
7	D-Glucopyranuronic acid	7.48	6.8	t	t	2.88	t	t	1, 2
8	Melezitose	7.55	5.63	t	t	1.66	t	t	1, 2
9	2,6,10-Trimethyltetradecane	7.82	t	6.61	t	t	1.49	t	1, 2
10	Tetradecane	8.67	t	5.48	t	t	12.18	t	1
11	Nordazepam, TMS derivative	9.10	8.19	8.19	t	0.56	1.52	t	1, 2
12	Nordazepam, TMS derivative	9.10	—	7.91	—	—	0.51	—	1, 2
13	1-(Decylsulfonyl)-1-deoxy-d-mannitol	9.27	12.51	t	t	0.61	t	t	1, 2
14	Cyclobarbital	9.6	—	—	7.73	—	—	0.25	1
15	Acetyl-5-chloromethyl-isoxazolidin-3-one	10.40	6.47	t	t	0.61	t	t	1
16	2-Myristynoyl pantetheine	10.57	t	t	10.11	t	t	3.50	1, 2
17	(2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl 9-octadecenoate	11.14	t	t	8.53	t	t	2.62	1, 2
18	Tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane	11.90	t	10.02	t	t	3.21	t	1, 2
19	Desulphosinigrin	12.17	t	t	10.39	t	t	5.25	1, 2
20	Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester	12.25	t	13.50	t	t	13.98	t	1, 2
21	Palmitic acid, methyl ester	12.25	13.5	t	13.50	22.28	t	22.07	1, 2
22	Octadecadiynoic acid, methyl ester	13.58	—	—	12.67	—	—	0.47	1,2
23	Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester	13.67	15.05	t	t	5.24	t	t	1
24	4-(5-Pentyl-3a,4,5,7a-tetrahydro-4-indanyl)butanoicacid	13.85	—	—	9.72	—	—	0.30	1, 2
25	Arachidonic acid methyl ester	14.34	16.35	t	t	0.49	t	t	1
26	Diphenyl-1,6-dioxopyridazino[4,5 : 2′,3′]pyrrolo[4′,5′-d]pyridazine	14.41	15.53	t	t	0.22	t	t	1, 2
27	Cyclopropanebutanoic acid	14.80	16.51	15.05	15.04	0.19	21.37	8.78	1,2
28	Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester	14.93	14.3	t	14.09	0.22	t	1.06	1, 2
29	4-Methyl(trimethylene)silyloxyoctane	15.05	7.06	t	t	2.51	t	t	1,2
30	Phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl 9-octadecenoate, cis-	16.08	5.82	—	—	0.45	—	—	1, 2
31	2-Trimethylsiloxy-6-hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester	16.34	8.64	t	t	1.78	t	t	1, 2
32	Palmitic acid	16.54	13.74	13.75	13.75	4.24	13.53	8.84	1, 2
33	2-[4-methyl-6-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)hexa-1,3,5-trienyl]cyclohex-1-en-1-carboxaldehyde	16.91	16.1	t	t	0.45	t	t	1, 2
34	Diphenyl-1,6-dioxopyridazino	17.07	17.6	—	—	4.21	—	—	1, 2
35	Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester)	17.53	15.29	t	t	1.10	t	t	1, 2
36	Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester)	17.53	16.44	—	—	0.21	—	—	1, 2
37	4-Hexenoic acid, 4-methyl-6-(fluorodimethylsilyl)-6-trimethylsily-	18.16	t	t	9.59	t	t	0.93	1
38	Linolelaidic acid, methyl ester	18.24	t	t	14.79	t	t	25.93	1, 2
39	Diisooctyl phthalate	18.87	t	17.85	t	t	4.36	t	1, 2
40	Phthalic acid, bis(6-methylheptyl)ester	19.42	17.84	—	—	2.02	—	—	1, 2
41	Phthalic acid, heptyl oct-3-yl ester	19.79	t	t	17.83	t	t	1.06	1, 2
42	Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester	20.20	16.62	t	t	0.21	t	t	1, 2
43	1-Hexadecanol, 2-methyl-	20.49	t	t	5.48	t	t	9.89	1
44	Octadecyl vinyl, ether	20.92	5.47	—	—	4.75	—	—	1
45	1-hexyl-4-nitrobenzene	22.77	8.84	t	8.86	2.60	t	1.68	1
46	t-Butyl-[2-(2,2-dimethyl-6-methylene-cyclohexylmethyl)-cyclopropoxy]-dimethyl-silane	22.88	t	t	8.21	t	t	0.74	1
47	Tetradecanoic acid, 12-methyl-, methyl ester	24.62	—	—	12.36	—	—	0.40	1, 2
48	Tetradecanoic acid, 12-methyl-, methyl ester	24.62	t	t	12.43	t	t	0.95	1, 2
49	Octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl)-	28.01	t	8.80	6.62	t	0.46	0.98	1
50	2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3TMS derivative	28.07	11.66	—	—	0.40	—	—	1
51	Dodecanoic acid, 2,3-bis(acetyloxy)propyl ester	29.17	12.66	t	t	0.66	t	t	1, 2
52	Oleic acid	29.70	t	t	15.29	t	t	1.26	1, 2
53	Linoleic acid, methyl ester	29.86	14.8	14.80	t	31.94	15.40	t	1
54	Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane	30.72	t	6.81	t	t	0.74	t	1
55	Dihydroxymandelic acid, 4TMS derivative	30.93	t	11.66	t	t	1.62	t	1
56	Octadecanoic acid	37.02	t	15.29	t	t	1.69	t	1, 2
57	Heptasiloxane	37.78	t	13.08	t	t	1.20	t	1, 2
58	Heptasiloxane	38.65	t	16.62	t	t	1.10	t	1, 2
59	Heptasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-	38.65	t	15.55	t	t	1.59	t	1,2
60	Heptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl-	40.15	13.08	—	—	0.36	—	—	1, 2
61	Octasiloxane	40.15	t	14.36	t	t	1.51	t	1
Total identified					100	100	100

CS_P = C. scolymus L. petal; CSc = C. scolymus L. choke; CS_H = C. scolymus L. heart; t = trace (<0.05%). Rt_Lit = retention time from the literature (Adams, 2007). Rt_P = determined retention time of C. scolymus petal; Rt_C = determined retention time of C. scolymus choke; Rt_H = determined retention time of C. scolymus heart. ^aIdentification by the following: 1 = retention time (R_t) identical to literature (cf. exp. part); 2 = comparison of mass spectra (MS) with the library entries of mass spectra databases (cf. exp. part). Mean percentage is calculated from flame ionization detector (FID) data, compounds higher than 1.0% are highlighted in boldface, and their ±SD (n = 2) is mentioned.