Photochemistry, Functional Properties, Food Applications, and Health Prospective of Black Rice

Table 2

Food applications of black rice and their components.

Procurement	Black rice product	Mixing	Quantity and ratios	Phytochemicals	Conclusion	References
Rural Development Administration, Korea	Noodles	Bran powder: wheat flour	98 : 2; 95 : 5; 90 : 10, and 85 : 15 (w/w)	Polyphenolics, flavonoids, phytic acid, and anthocyanins	Improved the antioxidant activities when compared to the control noodles	[78]
Local Market of Manipur, India	Pasta	Black rice + Joha rice	30%, 55.32%, and 14.68%	Anthocyanin, total phenolic content, and DPPH scavenging activity	Conventional pretreatment method showed less degradation of anthocyanin and phenolic compound than sous vide and microwave processes	[79]
Chiang Mai, Thailand	Vinegar	Steamed rice	100 g	Total phenolic compounds, total acid, and acetic acid	Work as an antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial agent against various disorders	[80]
Zibo, Shandong Province, China	Beer	Black rice flour + malt	6.80 kg + 15.20 kg	Total polyphenol contents, Cyperus japonicus -3-O-glucoside (C3G), and paeoniflorin-3-0-glucoside (P3G)	The polyphenol content that influences the antioxidant ability and foam stability of extruded rice adjunct beer	[81]
Research Institute of Korea	Wine	Rice: black rice	1 kg: 0 + 800 g:200 g + 600 g:400 g + 400 : 600 g	Citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid	The concentration of antioxidant was significantly increased with increasing amount of black rice. As a result of sensory evaluation, overall preference was high in rice wine made with less than 20% of black rice	[82]
Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand	Punch	Flavored yogurt	0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% by weight	γ-Oryzanol, total phenolics, and anthocyanins	A good stability of color and increasing phytochemicals contributed by black waxy rice bran	[83]
Nong Don District, Saraburi, Thailand	Milk chocolate	Anthocyanin powder + cocoa powder	3, 5, and 7 g	Antioxidant	Milk chocolate with 42% anthocyanin powder was selected as the most desirable health product with overall acceptance	[84]
Yogyakarta, Indonesia	Kefir	Black rice extract	Goat milk + inulin; goat milk and black rice extract (1 : 1); and goat milk + black rice extract (1 : 1) + inulin. Inulin was added in GM + IN and GM + BRE + IN as much as 0.5 g/100 ml	Total phenolic contents	Kefir can be used to treat diabetics as it acts as an antidiabetic agent	[85]
Imphal, Manipur, India	Chicken nuggets	Rice flour + other ingredients	1, 3, and 5%	Antioxidants	The higher the nutritional value, the greater the textural properties of the final product and the better antioxidant activity	[86]
Chiang Mai Province, Thailand	Mayonnaise	Fish oil: black glutinous rice flour: soybean oil: vinegar: egg yolk: salt: potassium sorbate: mustard	Oil mixture (3 : 1 weight ratio of soybean oil to fish oil), 9.5 g, 8.9 g, 1.3 g, 1.0 g, and 0.7 g	Tocopherols, carotenoids, and antioxidants	The synergistic impact of all antioxidants can improve the oxidative stability of mayonnaise	[87]
Shaanxi Taiji Huaqing Technology, China	Bread	Black rice extract powder: bread flour	0%, 1%, 2%, and 4%	Anthocyanin	The experimental product may be an alternative to making active bread with the lower digestive rate and additional health benefits	[88]
Taichung, Central Taiwan	Chiffon cake	Black rice and wheat flour	0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% (w/w)	Total phenols, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant property	Black rice significantly enhanced the bioactive components in the experimental product than the control. Therefore, it can be incorporated into bakery products with more bioactive components and more effective antioxidant activity	[50]
Gimpo, Korea	Cookies	Powder	Control and 7%	Antioxidant	Significantly improve the total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging ability in the product	[89]
Thailand	Crackers	Brown	100%	Antioxidant properties and total phenolic content	Significantly improved the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content in both cracker types due to the addition of functional ingredients	[90]
		Brown oyster	80% + 20%
		Brown mussels	80% + 20%
		Black rice	100%
		Black oyster	80% + 20%
		Black mussels	80% + 20%
Zlín, Czech Republic	Muesli mixture	Kamut, einkorn, red and black quinoa, or rice flakes together with hibiscus, mallow, rose	60–70% of nontraditional flakes and 30–40% of lyophilized fruits and edible flowers	Anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, quercetin, epigallocatechin, flavonoids, sinapic and protocatechuic acids	Nontraditional muesli blends can be a valuable source of nutrients and biological components	[91]
Guilin, Guangxi Province, China	Porridge	Waxy and non-waxy black rice	40 g	Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, condensed tannin content, monomeric anthocyanin content, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and peonidin-3-glucoside	Heat treatment in black rice porridge has significantly reduced these biological compounds. It can retain a lot of antioxidants (such as phenolics) and maintain the stability of the functional substances. Therefore, rice porridge in the form of cooking black rice can have more health-promoting effects	[58]
Kanpur, India	Soup	Black rice, okra, and barley	(50 : 10 : 40), (50 : 15 : 35), and (50 : 20 : 30)	Anthocyanin and antioxidants	The soup can be easily swallowed by patients, who cannot chew and keep human health away from any inflammatory conditions such as allergies, cancer, asthma, atherosclerosis, and arthritis	[92]
Assam, India	Kheer	Black rice and xylooligosaccharides	5%, 8%, and 10%	Antioxidants	It can be used against various noncommunicable diseases	[93]
Kuta Selatan, Indonesia	Skin cream	Bran and powder	35%	Antioxidant	It increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and density of dermal collagen in the skin to UV rays	[94]