Photochemistry, Functional Properties, Food Applications, and Health Prospective of Black Rice

Table 3

Role of black rice against various disorders.

Diseases	Animals	Duration	Analysis	In vitro/in vivo	Results	References
Hypercholesterolemia disorder	48 Wistar male rats	30 days	Biological analysis	In vivo	Black rice significantly reduced the level of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein levels in rats compared with rats fed with whole rice diet	[54]
Diabetic nephropathy	Sprague Dawley rats	8 weeks	Blood metabolites	In vivo	Supplementation of black rice significantly decreased blood glucose and serum insulin, improved the renal function, and relieved renal glomerular sclerosis and interstitial fibrosis of diabetic nephropathy rats	[119]
Breast cancer	Female immunodeficient BALB/c nude mice	28 days	Cell viability	In vitro and in vivo	The anticancer impact of anthocyanin-rich extract from black rice significantly works against human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by affecting apoptosis and suppressing angiogenesis	[120]
Obesity	Sixty male-specific pathogen-free mice	12 weeks	Biochemical analysis	In vivo	Whole grain black rice significantly reduced lipid accumulation and normalized levels of protein or gene expression related to liver and intestinal lipid metabolism in treated mice	[121]
Osteoclastogenesis and osteoporosis	Female Sprague Dawley	16 weeks	Histomorphometric and biochemical analysis	In vitro and in vivo	Fermented black rice with Lactobacillus casei extract can inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa, thereby reducing the c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells.; Lastly, oral administration of Lactobacillus casei extract modified bone microarchitectural parameters and characteristics associated with ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats	[122]
Liver damage	Male mice	12 weeks	Biochemical and gene expression analysis	In vivo	The complementary diet had significantly decreased serum triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels in the liver and nonsignificant effect on serum and liver total cholesterol in mice	[123]
Atherosclerosis	Male Sprague Dawley rats	12 weeks	Hematological parameters	In vivo	The thrombogenic ratio of thromboxane A2, prostacyclin, serum calmodulin and triglyceride, platelet hyperactivity, hypertriglyceridemia, optimal platelet function, and soluble P-selectin was significantly decreased, while raised in body weight, hepatic CPT-1 mRNA expression in rats fed a high-fat diet supplemented with anthocyanin extract from black rice	[124]
Diabetes mellitus	Adult male Wistar rats	12 weeks	Biochemical analysis	In vivo	The plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, insulin resistance, and glucose tolerance were reduced, while the degree of insulin secretion in rat plasma was significantly increased upon germinated black rice extract treatment	[125]
Hippocampal neuronal damage	Male mice	21 day	Histological analysis	In vivo	Black rice extract profoundly attenuated neuronal cell death, inhibited reactive astrogliosis, and prevented loss of glutathione peroxidase expression in the hippocampus when compared to vehicle treatment	[126]
Digestive disease	—	—	Glycemic index and hydrolysis	In vitro	Black rice extract significantly improved the gastrointestinal health and glycemic index of the prepared gels. Additionally, starch hydrolysis has been suppressed by inhibiting digestive enzymes	[127]
Hyperlipidemia	Male Sprague Dawley rats	8 weeks	Biochemical analysis and oxidative stress	In vivo	Black rice is significantly preventing and ameliorating the hyperlipidemia in rats fed with a high-fructose diet	[18]
Photoaging of the skin	—	—	Cell viability and proteomic analysis	In vitro	The black rice extract could be modulating mitogen-activated protein kinase, the inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation, and activator protein-1 signaling in prepared solution	[128]