Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Phytochemicals from Ruellia tuberosa

Figure 2

Effects of (a) extract and (b) compounds 1–4 and (c) 5–8 on the production of NO in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Cells were pretreated for 2 h with the indicated concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 μg/mL) and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL) for another 24 h. Data are expressed as mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments.  <  0.05 versus the LPS group; ^# <  0.05 versus the positive group. RTH: (n)-hexane fraction; RTEA: ethyl acetate fraction. RTM: methanol fraction; RTE: crude ethanol extract.

(a)

(b)

(c)