Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy: An Overview of Its Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities and Prospective Research Directions

Table 3

Biological activities of R. hypocrateriformis.

Part used	Extract/fraction	Dose tested/route of administration	Study model	Experimental models	Results	References
Antiarthritic activity
Leaves	Methanolic	250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.	Albino Wistar rats	Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis	Extract showed significant anti-arthritic activity	[45]
Antimicrobial activity
Aerial part	Au, Ag, and Au–Ag alloy NPs	25–100 µg/mL	KP, SA, BS, PA, EC, CA, TR, and CI	Agar well diffusion method	Green-synthesized AgNPs displayed very good antimicrobial potential compared to AuNPs	[40]
Aerial part	Pet. ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extract	10000, 5000, 2500, 1250 and 0.625 μg/mL	SA, BS, EC, PA, PV, AN, CA, and AF	Agar disk diffusion method	Ethanolic and aqueous extract showed higher antimicrobial potential than other extracts	[46]
Anticancer activity
Aerial part	Au, Ag, and Au–Ag alloy NPs	1–100 µg/mL	MCF7, Sf9, Vero	MTT assay	Significant cytotoxicity on tested cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner	[40]
Aerial part	Pet. ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous	4 × 10^3 cells/ml	MCF-7, MCF-15, MOLT-4, HOP-62, prO	SRB assay	Chloroform and ethanolic extracts exhibited strong anticancer activity	[46]
Anovulatory effect
Aerial part	Ethanol	200 and 400 mg/kg	Wistar albino rat	In vivo (effect on duration of different phases of the oestrous cycle)	Significant decrease in number of Graafian follicles and corpora lutea and significant increase in number of atretic follicles	[20]
Antioxidant activity
Aerial part	Polyphenolic fraction	—	In vitro	Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay	Extracted demonstrated significant antioxidant activity	[40]
Aerial part	Au, Ag, and Au–Ag alloy NPs	10–100 μg/ml	In vitro	DPPH assay	NPs were capable of scavenging DPPH radicals	[40]
Leaf	Aqueous	15.51, 62.5, 250 and 1000 μg/ml	In vitro	DPPH assay	Aqueous extract showed highest DPPH radical scavenging activity	[15]
Leaf, stem, and fruit	Chloroform, acetone, and methanol		In vitro	DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay	Antioxidant activity was the highest in MeAA extracts, while it was intermediate in MeAM and MeA extracts.	[39]
Antifertility activity
Aerial part	Pet. ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous	200 and 400 mg/kg	Albino Wistar rats	In vivo (anti-implantation effect)	Ethanol extract found significant anti-implantation and interruption of early pregnancy	[20]
Whole plant	95% ethanolic extract	200 and 400 mg/kg	Albino Wistar rats	In vivo (anti-implantation effect)	Extract dose 400 mg/kg showed significant anti-implantation potential	[47]
Hepatoprotective activity
Aerial part	Polyphenolic fraction	300 and 600 mg/kg	Albino Wistar rats	Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity	Decreased ALT, AST, ALP, and TB	[40]
Antimitotic activity
Aerial part	Pet. ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous	10 mg/ml	In vitro	Allium cepa root inhibition	Chloroform and ethanol extracts showed significant antimitotic activity	[46]
Antiproliferative activity
Aerial part	Pet. ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous	—	In vitro	Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae model	Chloroform and ethanol extracts showed significant antiproliferative activity	[46]
Antilithiatic activity
Leaves	Ethanolic	2.5 ml of 0.2 g/ml solution	In vitro	—	Extract showed significant inhibition of calcium and phosphate accumulation	[35]
Anti-inflammatory activity
Leaves	Ethanolic	200 and 400 mg/kg	Albino Wistar rats	Carrageenan-induced paw edema	Ethanol extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory activity	[31]
Analgesic activity
Leaves	Ethanolic	200 and 400 mg/kg	Albino Wistar rats	Radiant heat tail flick method	Ethanol extracts showed significant analgesic activity	[31]