|
Part used | Extract/fraction | Dose tested/route of administration | Study model | Experimental models | Results | References |
|
Antiarthritic activity |
Leaves | Methanolic | 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o. | Albino Wistar rats | Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis | Extract showed significant anti-arthritic activity | [45] |
|
Antimicrobial activity |
Aerial part | Au, Ag, and Au–Ag alloy NPs | 25–100 µg/mL | KP, SA, BS, PA, EC, CA, TR, and CI | Agar well diffusion method | Green-synthesized AgNPs displayed very good antimicrobial potential compared to AuNPs | [40] |
Aerial part | Pet. ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extract | 10000, 5000, 2500, 1250 and 0.625 μg/mL | SA, BS, EC, PA, PV, AN, CA, and AF | Agar disk diffusion method | Ethanolic and aqueous extract showed higher antimicrobial potential than other extracts | [46] |
|
Anticancer activity |
Aerial part | Au, Ag, and Au–Ag alloy NPs | 1–100 µg/mL | MCF7, Sf9, Vero | MTT assay | Significant cytotoxicity on tested cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner | [40] |
Aerial part | Pet. ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous | 4 × 103 cells/ml | MCF-7, MCF-15, MOLT-4, HOP-62, prO | SRB assay | Chloroform and ethanolic extracts exhibited strong anticancer activity | [46] |
|
Anovulatory effect |
Aerial part | Ethanol | 200 and 400 mg/kg | Wistar albino rat | In vivo (effect on duration of different phases of the oestrous cycle) | Significant decrease in number of Graafian follicles and corpora lutea and significant increase in number of atretic follicles | [20] |
|
Antioxidant activity |
Aerial part | Polyphenolic fraction | — | In vitro | Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay | Extracted demonstrated significant antioxidant activity | [40] |
Aerial part | Au, Ag, and Au–Ag alloy NPs | 10–100 μg/ml | In vitro | DPPH assay | NPs were capable of scavenging DPPH radicals | [40] |
Leaf | Aqueous | 15.51, 62.5, 250 and 1000 μg/ml | In vitro | DPPH assay | Aqueous extract showed highest DPPH radical scavenging activity | [15] |
Leaf, stem, and fruit | Chloroform, acetone, and methanol | | In vitro | DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay | Antioxidant activity was the highest in MeAA extracts, while it was intermediate in MeAM and MeA extracts. | [39] |
|
Antifertility activity |
Aerial part | Pet. ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous | 200 and 400 mg/kg | Albino Wistar rats | In vivo (anti-implantation effect) | Ethanol extract found significant anti-implantation and interruption of early pregnancy | [20] |
Whole plant | 95% ethanolic extract | 200 and 400 mg/kg | Albino Wistar rats | In vivo (anti-implantation effect) | Extract dose 400 mg/kg showed significant anti-implantation potential | [47] |
|
Hepatoprotective activity |
Aerial part | Polyphenolic fraction | 300 and 600 mg/kg | Albino Wistar rats | Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity | Decreased ALT, AST, ALP, and TB | [40] |
|
Antimitotic activity |
Aerial part | Pet. ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous | 10 mg/ml | In vitro | Allium cepa root inhibition | Chloroform and ethanol extracts showed significant antimitotic activity | [46] |
|
Antiproliferative activity |
Aerial part | Pet. ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous | — | In vitro | Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae model | Chloroform and ethanol extracts showed significant antiproliferative activity | [46] |
|
Antilithiatic activity |
Leaves | Ethanolic | 2.5 ml of 0.2 g/ml solution | In vitro | — | Extract showed significant inhibition of calcium and phosphate accumulation | [35] |
|
Anti-inflammatory activity |
Leaves | Ethanolic | 200 and 400 mg/kg | Albino Wistar rats | Carrageenan-induced paw edema | Ethanol extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory activity | [31] |
|
Analgesic activity |
Leaves | Ethanolic | 200 and 400 mg/kg | Albino Wistar rats | Radiant heat tail flick method | Ethanol extracts showed significant analgesic activity | [31] |
|