Emerging Pollutants in Moroccan Wastewater: Occurrence, Impact, and Removal Technologies

Table 2

Occurrence of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment.

Type of water	Sample (country)	Pollutants	Concentration (ng L^−1)	Extraction and detection methods	LODs/LOQs (ng L^−1)	References
Surface water	Sebou River, Morocco	Amoxicillin	<158.3–4107	SPE-LC-MS/MS	n. a	[52]
	Nile River, Egypt	Bisphenol A	1085.3	UPLC-MS/MS	n. a	[53]
	Liaodong Peninsula, China	Atrazine	8.7–64.8	SPE-TQMS	(0.1–1.5)	[54]
	Al-Asfar and Al-Hubail lakes, Saudi Arabia	Paracetamol and bisphenol A	PCM = 105–3069; BPA = 484.9	SPE-UHPLC/MS/MS	(0.3–2.5)	[55]
Wastewater	WWTP of Tuscany, Italy	Paracetamol and amoxicillin	PCM = 3914 AMX = 2002	SPE-LC/MS	n. a	[56]
	Albany area of New York State (final effluent), USA	Bisphenol A	49.9	SPE-HPLC/MS/MS	n. a	[57]
	Grahamstown wastewater, South Africa	Bisphenol A	1468.3	SPE-UHPLC/MS/MS	1.0	[58]
Ground water	Groundwater of Chesapeake, USA	Atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), and hydroxyatrazine (HA)	ATZ = 13.5; DEA =; 6.5; HA = 8.3	LC/MS/MS	n. a	[59]
	Shallow Nile aquifers, Egypt	Bisphenol A	71.1	UPLC-MS/MS	n. a	[53]
	Groundwater of Lagos, Nigeria	Amoxicillin and paracetamol	44–6490; 1–188	UPLC-HRMS	n. a	[60]
Sea water	Marine waters, Turkey	Bisphenol A	4160–16920	SPE-HPLC/FLD	n. a	[61]
	Marine waters, Portugal	Paracetamol	53.2–269.7	SPE-UHPLC/MS/MS	0.26/0.80	[62]
	Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Greece	Amoxicillin	<5.0–127.8	UHPLC/MS	8.2	[63]

LODs: limit of detections, LOQs: limit of quantifications, SPE: solid phase extraction, LC: liquid chromatography, MS: mass spectrometry, HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography, UPLC: ultraperformance liquid chromatography, UHPLC: ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, FLD: fluorescence detector, TQMS: triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, HRMS: high-resolution mass spectrometry, n. a: not available.