Review Article
Emerging Pollutants in Moroccan Wastewater: Occurrence, Impact, and Removal Technologies
Table 2
Occurrence of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment.
| Type of water | Sample (country) | Pollutants | Concentration (ng L−1) | Extraction and detection methods | LODs/LOQs (ng L−1) | References |
| Surface water | Sebou River, Morocco | Amoxicillin | <158.3–4107 | SPE-LC-MS/MS | n. a | [52] | Nile River, Egypt | Bisphenol A | 1085.3 | UPLC-MS/MS | n. a | [53] | Liaodong Peninsula, China | Atrazine | 8.7–64.8 | SPE-TQMS | (0.1–1.5) | [54] | Al-Asfar and Al-Hubail lakes, Saudi Arabia | Paracetamol and bisphenol A | PCM = 105–3069 BPA = 484.9 | SPE-UHPLC/MS/MS | (0.3–2.5) | [55] |
| Wastewater | WWTP of Tuscany, Italy | Paracetamol and amoxicillin | PCM = 3914 AMX = 2002 | SPE-LC/MS | n. a | [56] | Albany area of New York State (final effluent), USA | Bisphenol A | 49.9 | SPE-HPLC/MS/MS | n. a | [57] | Grahamstown wastewater, South Africa | Bisphenol A | 1468.3 | SPE-UHPLC/MS/MS | 1.0 | [58] |
| Ground water | Groundwater of Chesapeake, USA | Atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), and hydroxyatrazine (HA) | ATZ = 13.5 DEA = 6.5 HA = 8.3 | LC/MS/MS | n. a | [59] | Shallow Nile aquifers, Egypt | Bisphenol A | 71.1 | UPLC-MS/MS | n. a | [53] | Groundwater of Lagos, Nigeria | Amoxicillin and paracetamol | 44–6490 1–188 | UPLC-HRMS | n. a | [60] |
| Sea water | Marine waters, Turkey | Bisphenol A | 4160–16920 | SPE-HPLC/FLD | n. a | [61] | Marine waters, Portugal | Paracetamol | 53.2–269.7 | SPE-UHPLC/MS/MS | 0.26/0.80 | [62] | Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Greece | Amoxicillin | <5.0–127.8 | UHPLC/MS | 8.2 | [63] |
|
|
LODs: limit of detections, LOQs: limit of quantifications, SPE: solid phase extraction, LC: liquid chromatography, MS: mass spectrometry, HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography, UPLC: ultraperformance liquid chromatography, UHPLC: ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, FLD: fluorescence detector, TQMS: triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, HRMS: high-resolution mass spectrometry, n. a: not available.
|