Emerging Pollutants in Moroccan Wastewater: Occurrence, Impact, and Removal Technologies

Table 3

Removal efficiency, isotherms, and kinetic parameters for the removal of the studied emerging pollutants by different adsorbents.

Adsorbate	Adsorbent	Surface area (m^2/g)	Removal		Adsorption isotherm	Operating conditions	Additional information	References
			(%)	Qm (mg/g)
Bisphenol A	Activated carbon from argan waste	1372	95	1250	Langmuir	200 mL of BPA (60 mg/L); m = 0.01 g of adsorbent; PH = 6.5; T = 293 K; t = 3 h; SS = 200 rpm; pseudo-second-order	Activated carbon prepared from the shell of the argan nut and activated by phosphoric acid	[86]
	Activated biochar from kraft lignin	1053		220	Dual-site Langmuir	[BPA] = 100 mg/L; [adsorbent] = 0.36 g/L; T = 25°C; t = 24 h; SS = 250 rpm; Elovich model	Activated carbon from kraft lignin showed a high BPA uptake value in a batch experiment with synthetic wastewater	[87]
	Clay	15.74		109.89	Langmuir and Freundlich	[BPA] = 50 mg/L; PH = 7; T = 25°C t = 4 h; pseudo-second-order	Batch experiment was carried out to determine the adsorption characteristics of calcium-modified montmorillonite clay towards BPA	[88]
	Graphene oxide (GO)	—	96.2	3293.9	Sips	30 mL of BPA (1 mg/L); m = 2.5 mg of adsorbent; PH = 7; T = 25°C; t = 120 min; pseudo-second-order; K2 = 25.2 g mg^−1 min^−1	The hybrid of GO with Fe2O3 nanoparticles (Fe2O3-GO) had a higher adsorption at a lower initial BPA concentration, batch experiment with synthetic wastewater	[89]
	Polymer	—		65.3	Langmuir	20 mL of BPA (100 mg/L); m = 5 mg of adsorbent; PH = 7; T = 25°C; SS = 200 rpm; pseudo-second-order	Synthesis of a water-insoluble polymer (b-PEI-PEG-β-CD) that could easily remove BPA from synthetic wastewater	[90]
	Sulfonated tea leaves	—		236.8	Langmuir	20 mL of BPA (100 ppm); m = 10 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; PH = 8; SS = 700 rpm; pseudo-second-order; K2 = 0.000356 g/mg min	Sulfonation of tea leaves generates the sulfonated carbonaceous product TW-SO3H with high adsorption capacity towards BPA	[91]
Atrazine	Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)	2210	98	36	Langmuir	10 mL of ATZ (10 ppm); m = 3.5 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; t = 1 min	Adsorption of atrazine in Zr6-based metal-organic structures showed a high adsorption capacity (98%) in 1 minute	[92]
	Polyaniline-derived carbon	—		943.0	Langmuir	100 mL of ATZ (50 mg/L); m = 3 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; PH = 7; t = 12 h	Preparation and use of polyaniline carbons for the adsorptive removal of ATZ from synthetic wastewater	[93]
	Biosorbent from eucalyptus bark	—	87.95	936.1	Freundlich	10 mL of ATZ (1 mg/L); m = 30 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; t = 24 h; SS = 225; pseudo-second-order	Eucalyptus tereticornis L. bark, a waste product, is used to remove atrazine in a batch adsorption experiment	[94]
	Biochar	—	96	79.6	Freundlich	10 mL of ATZ (2 mg/L); m = 50 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; t = 20 min; pseudo-second-order	P-doped biochar from corn straw, prepared and activated with H3PO4, was able to remove 96% of atrazine	[95]
Amoxicillin	Activated carbon from date pits	1325		424.3	Langmuir	10 mL of AMX (100 mg/L); m = 10 mg of adsorbent; T = 22°C; PH = 4; t = 300 min; pseudo-second-order	Activated carbon is derived from date pits and prepared by thermal activation with carbon dioxide, used for the removal of amoxicillin in a batch adsorption experiment	[96]
	Natural phosphate	20		3.2	—	100 mL of AMX (20 mg/L); m = 200 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; PH = [5–6]; t = 120 min	Natural phosphate from the sedimentary phosphate rocks of Morocco	[97]
	Multiwall carbon nanotubes	—		159.4	Langmuir	100 mL of AMX (50 mg/L); m = 0.1 g of adsorbent; T = 60°C; PH = 7; t = 75 min; pseudo-second-order	Multiwalled carbon nanotubes are used as an adsorbent for the removal of amoxicillin from an aqueous solution in a batch experiment	[98]
	Activated carbon	807	76		Langmuir	2000 mL of AMX (40 mg/L); m = 2 g of adsorbent; T = 25°C; PH = 6.9; t = 30 min; SS = 300 rpm; pseudo-second-order	Activated carbon modified with zinc acetate and activated with phosphoric acid was used in a batch adsorption experiment	[99]
	Modified clay	242.36		647.7	Langmuir	20 mL of AMX (50 mg/L); m = 2 mg of adsorbent; T = 30°C; PH = 7.5; t = 60 min; SS = 120 rpm; pseudo-second-order	Montmorillonite clay modified with L-methionine amino acid was used for amoxicillin adsorption	[100]
Paracetamol	Commercial activated carbon	983		560	Langmuir	[PCM] = 50 mg/L; [adsorbent] = 167 mg/L; T = 25°C; PH = 3; t = 24; SS = 250 rpm; pseudo-second-order	Commercial activated carbon was used for the adsorptive removal of paracetamol in a batch adsorption experiment	[48]
	Modified clay	216		22.08	Redlich–Peterson	50 mL of PCM (100 mg/L); m = 5 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; PH = 7; t = 180 min; pseudo-second order	Natural montmorillonite clay pillared with titanium oxide	[101]
	Coffee-based biomaterial	888.1	98	50	Freundlich	[PCM] = 200 mg/L; [adsorbent] = 4 g/L; PH = 6.5; t = 60 min; pseudo-second-order	The raw biomaterial treated chemically by phosphoric acid	[102]
	Silica gel	264		95	Langmuir	[PCM] = 100 mg/L; [adsorbent] = 167 mg/L; T = 25°C; PH = 3; t = 24 h; SS = 250 rpm; pseudo-second-order	Removal of paracetamol by silica gel in a batch adsorption experiment	[48]