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Adsorbate | Adsorbent | Surface area (m2/g) | Removal | Adsorption isotherm | Operating conditions | Additional information | References |
(%) | Qm (mg/g) |
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Bisphenol A | Activated carbon from argan waste | 1372 | 95 | 1250 | Langmuir | 200 mL of BPA (60 mg/L); m = 0.01 g of adsorbent; PH = 6.5; T = 293 K; t = 3 h; SS = 200 rpm; pseudo-second-order | Activated carbon prepared from the shell of the argan nut and activated by phosphoric acid | [86] |
Activated biochar from kraft lignin | 1053 | | 220 | Dual-site Langmuir | [BPA] = 100 mg/L; [adsorbent] = 0.36 g/L; T = 25°C; t = 24 h; SS = 250 rpm; Elovich model | Activated carbon from kraft lignin showed a high BPA uptake value in a batch experiment with synthetic wastewater | [87] |
Clay | 15.74 | | 109.89 | Langmuir and Freundlich | [BPA] = 50 mg/L; PH = 7; T = 25°C t = 4 h; pseudo-second-order | Batch experiment was carried out to determine the adsorption characteristics of calcium-modified montmorillonite clay towards BPA | [88] |
Graphene oxide (GO) | — | 96.2 | 3293.9 | Sips | 30 mL of BPA (1 mg/L); m = 2.5 mg of adsorbent; PH = 7; T = 25°C; t = 120 min; pseudo-second-order; K2 = 25.2 g mg−1 min−1 | The hybrid of GO with Fe2O3 nanoparticles (Fe2O3-GO) had a higher adsorption at a lower initial BPA concentration, batch experiment with synthetic wastewater | [89] |
Polymer | — | | 65.3 | Langmuir | 20 mL of BPA (100 mg/L); m = 5 mg of adsorbent; PH = 7; T = 25°C; SS = 200 rpm; pseudo-second-order | Synthesis of a water-insoluble polymer (b-PEI-PEG-β-CD) that could easily remove BPA from synthetic wastewater | [90] |
Sulfonated tea leaves | — | | 236.8 | Langmuir | 20 mL of BPA (100 ppm); m = 10 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; PH = 8; SS = 700 rpm; pseudo-second-order; K2 = 0.000356 g/mg min | Sulfonation of tea leaves generates the sulfonated carbonaceous product TW-SO3H with high adsorption capacity towards BPA | [91] |
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Atrazine | Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) | 2210 | 98 | 36 | Langmuir | 10 mL of ATZ (10 ppm); m = 3.5 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; t = 1 min | Adsorption of atrazine in Zr6-based metal-organic structures showed a high adsorption capacity (98%) in 1 minute | [92] |
Polyaniline-derived carbon | — | | 943.0 | Langmuir | 100 mL of ATZ (50 mg/L); m = 3 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; PH = 7; t = 12 h | Preparation and use of polyaniline carbons for the adsorptive removal of ATZ from synthetic wastewater | [93] |
Biosorbent from eucalyptus bark | — | 87.95 | 936.1 | Freundlich | 10 mL of ATZ (1 mg/L); m = 30 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; t = 24 h; SS = 225; pseudo-second-order | Eucalyptus tereticornis L. bark, a waste product, is used to remove atrazine in a batch adsorption experiment | [94] |
Biochar | — | 96 | 79.6 | Freundlich | 10 mL of ATZ (2 mg/L); m = 50 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; t = 20 min; pseudo-second-order | P-doped biochar from corn straw, prepared and activated with H3PO4, was able to remove 96% of atrazine | [95] |
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Amoxicillin | Activated carbon from date pits | 1325 | | 424.3 | Langmuir | 10 mL of AMX (100 mg/L); m = 10 mg of adsorbent; T = 22°C; PH = 4; t = 300 min; pseudo-second-order | Activated carbon is derived from date pits and prepared by thermal activation with carbon dioxide, used for the removal of amoxicillin in a batch adsorption experiment | [96] |
Natural phosphate | 20 | | 3.2 | — | 100 mL of AMX (20 mg/L); m = 200 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; PH = [5–6]; t = 120 min | Natural phosphate from the sedimentary phosphate rocks of Morocco | [97] |
Multiwall carbon nanotubes | — | | 159.4 | Langmuir | 100 mL of AMX (50 mg/L); m = 0.1 g of adsorbent; T = 60°C; PH = 7; t = 75 min; pseudo-second-order | Multiwalled carbon nanotubes are used as an adsorbent for the removal of amoxicillin from an aqueous solution in a batch experiment | [98] |
Activated carbon | 807 | 76 | | Langmuir | 2000 mL of AMX (40 mg/L); m = 2 g of adsorbent; T = 25°C; PH = 6.9; t = 30 min; SS = 300 rpm; pseudo-second-order | Activated carbon modified with zinc acetate and activated with phosphoric acid was used in a batch adsorption experiment | [99] |
Modified clay | 242.36 | | 647.7 | Langmuir | 20 mL of AMX (50 mg/L); m = 2 mg of adsorbent; T = 30°C; PH = 7.5; t = 60 min; SS = 120 rpm; pseudo-second-order | Montmorillonite clay modified with L-methionine amino acid was used for amoxicillin adsorption | [100] |
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Paracetamol | Commercial activated carbon | 983 | | 560 | Langmuir | [PCM] = 50 mg/L; [adsorbent] = 167 mg/L; T = 25°C; PH = 3; t = 24; SS = 250 rpm; pseudo-second-order | Commercial activated carbon was used for the adsorptive removal of paracetamol in a batch adsorption experiment | [48] |
Modified clay | 216 | | 22.08 | Redlich–Peterson | 50 mL of PCM (100 mg/L); m = 5 mg of adsorbent; T = 25°C; PH = 7; t = 180 min; pseudo-second order | Natural montmorillonite clay pillared with titanium oxide | [101] |
Coffee-based biomaterial | 888.1 | 98 | 50 | Freundlich | [PCM] = 200 mg/L; [adsorbent] = 4 g/L; PH = 6.5; t = 60 min; pseudo-second-order | The raw biomaterial treated chemically by phosphoric acid | [102] |
Silica gel | 264 | | 95 | Langmuir | [PCM] = 100 mg/L; [adsorbent] = 167 mg/L; T = 25°C; PH = 3; t = 24 h; SS = 250 rpm; pseudo-second-order | Removal of paracetamol by silica gel in a batch adsorption experiment | [48] |
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