Emerging Pollutants in Moroccan Wastewater: Occurrence, Impact, and Removal Technologies

Table 4

Advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of emerging pollutants present in water.

Process	Target compound	Materials	Degradation (%)	Conditions	Additional information	References
Fenton/Fenton-like processes	Bisphenol A	BaFe12O19-Ag3PO4	79.9	[BPA] = 20 mg/L; [catalyst] = 1 g/L 300 W; Xe arc lamp (λ > 420 nm); T = 30°C; t = 30 min	The reactive oxygen species are produced by the timely decomposition of H2O2 generated on the surface of Ag3PO4 via the BaFe12O19	[107]
	Atrazine	α-FeOOH	100	[ATZ] = 20 mg L^−1; [α-FeOOH] = 0.1 g L^−1; [H2O2] = 1.0 mM; [hydroxylamine] = 0.5 mM; T = 25°C; PH = 5; t = 60 min	Surface Fenton system constructed with hydroxylamine (NH2OH), goethite (α-FeOOH), and H2O2 (α-FeOOH-HA/H2O2) to degrade atrazine	[104]
	Amoxicillin	TiO2-GO-Fe3O4	90	[AMX] = 10 mg/L; [catalyst] = 0.5 g L^−1; t = 120 min; PH = 3; T = 25°C	The combination of TiO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles on graphene oxide (GO) nanoplatelets (TiO2-GO-18wt% Fe3O4) shows excellent AMX degradation under visible irradiation and 90% TOC removal	[105]
	Paracetamol	Fe3O4-SiO2-Cu	100	[PCM] = 2.0 mg L^−1; [catalyst] = 0.2 g L^−1; [H2O2] = 15 mM; t = 20 min PH = 5.0; T = 25°C	The catalytic tests were carried out in a four-vial collared reactor equipped with a temperature-controlled heating mantle; paracetamol was almost completely degraded within 20 minutes	[108]
Photocatalysis	Bisphenol A	B-TiO2-graphene oxide	47.66	[Catalyst] = 1000 mg L^−1; [BPA] = 10 mg L^−1; t = 240 min; PH = 5; T = 25°C; K1 = 0.0023 min^−1	Hydrothermal preparation of the photocatalyst, 300 W xenon lamp (1000 W/m^2 light intensity) with solar irradiation	[109]
	Atrazine	Bi2MoO6/PMS	99	[Bi2MoO6] = 0.6 g/L; [PMS] = 0.8 mM; [ATZ] = 2.5 mg/L; t = 60 min; T = 25°C; visible light irradiation	Bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6) prepared via the hydrothermal method and applied to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS)	[110]
	Amoxicillin	Ag/TiO2/mesoporous g-C3N4	71	[Catalyst] = 1000 mg L^−1; [AMX] = 5 mg L^−1; t = 60 min	Hospital wastewater, 300 W xenon lamp (λ > 420 nm) with visible light irradiation	[111]
	Paracetamol	Fe2O3-TiO2	95.85	[Catalyst] = 1.25 g L^−1; [PCM] = 30 mg L^−1; PH = 11; solar irradiation	Fe2O3-TiO2 is synthesised by the sol-gel method for the degradation of paracetamol in synthetic wastewater	[112]
Ozonation	Bisphenol A	Ni-Fe LDHs/O3	100	[BPA] = 10 mg L^−1; [catalyst] = 0.3 g L^−1; [ozone] = 9.0 mg L^−1; [TOC] = 9 mg L^−1; [COD] = 32 mg L^−1; t = 120 min	Ni-Fe LDH showed effective catalytic performance in the catalytic ozonation of BPA in real secondary effluent wastewater. BPA could be completely removed, and the final removal of TOC and COD was 56% and 68%	[113]
	Atrazine	O3 (microbubble)	95.3	[ATZ] = 1.16 umol L^−1; [ozone] = 1 mg L^−1; gas flow: 0.5 L min^−1; t = 120 min; T = 20°C	Microbubble ozonation enhanced the degradation of atrazine at different pH levels in a semibatch experiment	[114]
	Amoxicillin	O3	70	[AMX] = 20 uM; [ozone] = 75 mg L^−1; gas flow: 1 L min^−1; T = 23°C; PH = 6.8	The degradation of amoxicillin by ozonation resulted in 70% removal with an ozone dose of 75 mg L^−1	[115]
	Paracetamol	MgO/O3	100	Ozone dose: 1.8 mg/min; [MgO] = 0.1 g L^−1; [PCM] = 50 mg L^−1; t = 15 min; PH = 5.4	MgO powder was used as a catalyst for the ozonation of paracetamol; total degradation and 94% mineralisation were achieved at reaction times of 15 min	[116]
Electrochemical	Bisphenol A	Nb/BDD	90	[BPA] = 5.0 mM; flow rate = 384 mL min^−1; j = 42.7 mA cm^−2; t = 4 h; PH = [7–10]; T = [6–20°C]	The application of electrochemical oxidation has shown high removal efficiency of BPA	[117]
	Atrazine	Nb/BDD	99	1.5 L of 100 ug L^−1 atrazine 0.03 M Na2SO4; j = 2 mA cm^−2; PH = 3; T = 23°C; t = 45 min; batch mode with undivided cylindrical cell	More than 99% of ATZ was removed by anodic oxidation; the atrazine-desethyl-desisopropyl (DEDIA) was the most important by-product recorded	[118]
	Amoxicillin	Ti/Cu-PbO2	99.4	250 mL of 100 mg L^−1 amoxicillin; 0.1 M Na2SO4; j = 30 mA cm^−2; PH 3.5; room temperature; t = 150 min; pseudo-first-order reaction	Copper-doped PbO2 electrode was prepared and used as an anode to degrade amoxicillin in a laboratory-scale experiment. The optimum removal of AMX and COD was 99.4% and 46.3% after 150 minutes of electrolysis	[119]
	Paracetamol	Pt/Ag-Agcl	90	250 mL of 20 mg L^−1 paracetamol; 0.1 M Na2SO4; j = 5.1 mA cm^−2; PH = 4; t = 240 min	The maximum removal of PCM, COD, and TOC reached 90%, 82%, and 65% after 240 min, with the formation of by-products (hydroquinone, benzoquinone, and carboxylic acid) during the electrolysis process	[120]