Emerging Pollutants in Moroccan Wastewater: Occurrence, Impact, and Removal Technologies

Table 6

Removal of emerging pollutants by hybrid processes.

Pollutant	Processes	Operating conditions	Removal efficiency	Additional information	References
Bisphenol A	Adsorption - photocatalysis	[BPA] = 20 mg/L; [Photocatalyst] = 1 g/L; t = 1 h; T = 25°C; batch photoreactor with visible light irradiation	BPA = 96% TOC = 88%	BPA molecules are rapidly adsorbed onto boron and nitrogen codoped graphene aerogels and eventually mineralised upon exposure to visible light	[154]
Atrazine	Adsorption-ozonation	[ATZ] = 0.7 mg/L; [Adsorbent] = 16 mg/L; [O3] = 19.7 mg/L; t = 17 min; T = 25°C; batch experiments with synthetic wastewater	ATZ = 90%	A better reduction of atrazine (90%) is obtained when the treatment starts with powdered activated carbon followed by ozone, with a contact time of 17minutes	[155]
Amoxicillin	Fenton-activated sludge	1 mg/L of AMX; 6 mL of H2O2 (30% w/w), 4 mL heptahydrated ferrous sulphate (FeSO4⋅7H2O) solution T = 40°C; t = 70 min	AMX = 85.13%	The pretreatment in the Fenton process disintegrated the AMX, thus reducing these toxic effects in the subsequent treatment, as the activated sludge can easily degrade the antibiotic	[156]
Paracetamol	Biological-adsorption	2 mg/L of PCM; 1.5 g/L of granular activated carbon	PCM = 100%	The hybrid sequential batch reactor- (SBR-) activated carbon system was able to completely degrade paracetamol in wastewater	[157]