Recent Advances in Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation Approaches for Azo Dyes

Table 1

An overview of photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes using different photocatalysts.

Photocatalyst	Synthesis method	Pollutant	Pollutant conc	Catalyst dosage	Light	Time (min)	Kinetic (min^−1)/degradation (%)	Ref
Mesoporous iron oxides	Sol-gel	Orange II	0.1 mM	0.25 g/L	Visible	180	0.02	110
Magnetite (γ-Fe2O3)	One-step aqueous method	Orange I	20 mg/L	0.4 g/L	UV and visible	18	48.89	111
Iron oxide	Biosynthesis	Direct orange S	10 mg/L	1 g/L	Ultrasonication	60	89	112
Iron oxide	Aqueous solution process	MO	—	—	UV light	105	80	113
Fe2O3	Green synthesis	BB 41	50 mg/L	0.4 g	Visible	120	77.3	114
		AB 58					82.5
α-Fe2O3	Hydrothermal	Acid redG	50 mg/L	0.1 g	LED lamp	90	98	115
Fe2O3	Biosynthesis	MO	10 ppm	50 mg	UV lamp	90	93.5	116
α-Fe2O3	Coprecipitation	MO	10 ppm	100 mg	UV lamp	5	94	117
		MR					76
Fe2O3	Combustion	MO	20 mg/L	0.05 mg	UV	100	95.3	118
TiO2	Sol-gel route	MO	20 ppm	12 mg	Sunlight	120	79	119
TiO2	Solvothermal	MO	0.06 M	0.3 g	Mercury	50	96	121
					Sunlight	40	94
TiO2	Sol-gel route	MO	20 mg/L	4000 mg	UV	180	82	124
					Visible		72
TiO2	Sol-gel	Novacron red C-2BL	—	—	UV irradiation	100	98	126
CuO	Combustion	Trypan blue	5 μg/L	100 mg	UV sunlight	150	90	127
CuO	Thermal process	MO	1 × 10^−5 M	—	UV lamp	240	—	128
CuO	Precipitation	MO	20 mg/L	—	Visible	120	87	129
NiO	Coprecipitation	CR	20 ppm	5 mg	Sunlight	160	80	133
NiO	Coprecipitation	MO	30 mg/L	74 mg	UV light	210	82	134
NiO	Hydrothermal route	CR	10 mg/L	0.1 g	Visible light	30	98	135
NiO	Green synthesis	CR	10 mg/L	0.1 g	Sunlight	35	95	136
ZnO	Sol-gel	MO	30 mg/L	10 mg	UV lamp	25	99.45	137
		CR					99.70
		DB 38					99.21
ZnO	Commercially available	Acid brown 14	5 × 10^−4 mol·l^−1	2.5 g/l	Sunlight	120	84.72	138
ZnO	Green synthesis approach	Orange 16	0.4 g in 100 mL	0.1 g	Sunlight	180	93	139
ZnO	Precipitation	EBT	20 μg/mL	10 mg	Visible	30	46.89	140
					UV-fluorescent		99.83
ZnO	Sol-gel	AR183	10 ppm	2 gm/L	UV light	800	79%	143
Cobalt titanate	Coprecipitation method	AR 27	50 mg L^−1	20 mg	—	30	100	144
		AY17					100
		AB120					80
SrSnO3 perovskite	Pechini method	RNL	10 mg/L	60 mg	9 W UVC lamp	600	98	145
CeNiO3 (CNO)	Hydrothermal	OG	2 × 10^−5 mol·L^−1	0.2 g/L	UV light	240	95	146
Perovskite SrTiO3-δ (STO)	Nitrate route	CR	10 mg/L	0.8 g/L	UV light		62	147
					Solar light		97
Lanthanum nickelate, LaNiO3 (LNO)	Ultrasonication process	OG dye	3.5 × 10^−5 mol/L	27 mg	Tungsten halogen lamp	24	96	148
LaNiO3 perovskite	Sol-gel citrate method	RB 5	100 mg/L	1 g/L	—	—	65.4	149
NiFe2O4 nanoparticles	Green route	CR	5 mg L^−1	5 mg	Sunlight	75	85	150
Manganese ferrite	Chemical precipitation	RR198	100 mg/L	0.20 g	UV–C lamp	90	99	151
							95
BiFeO3 (BFO)	Sol-gel	Mordant blue 9	(50 mg/l)	0.1 g	Visible	180	88.5	152
Mg1-xZnxFe2O4	Combustion method	Reactive Blue-19	25 mg/L	20 mg	300 W Xe lamp	90	99.5	153
Zinc ferrite	Reduction-oxidation method	Orange II	100 mg/L	—	Visible	30	69.1	154
Manganese ferrite	Precipitation	CR	50 mg/L	50 mg	Xenon	30	98.3	155
α-Fe2O3, NiFe2O4, ZnFe2O4	Sol-gel	Amido black 10b	25 mg/L	0.1 g	Visible light	90	89	156
							85
							92
BiOCl	Solvothermal	MO	20 mg/L	0.3 g	UV light simulated sunlight light	20	99	157
BiOI	Template free route	MO	10 mg/L	0.20 g	Visible light	30	90.8	158
BiOBr	Solvothermal	MO	10 mg/L	0.080 g	Solar light	60	97	159
BiOI	Solvothermal	EBT	15 mg/L	400 mg/L	LED	60	86.7	160
		MO					47.4
BiOCl	Solvothermal method	RO84	20 mg/L	0.3 g	UV lamp sunlight	60	40	162
							99
β-Fe2O3/g-C3N4	In situ growth strategy	MO	10 mg/L	1.25 g/L	Simulated solar light	240	0.43	163
Fe3O4@SiO2@Rucore-shell	Three-step method	MO	30 mg/L	10 mg	Visible	150	0.0428	164
		MR					0.0338
ZnS/ZnCr2O4	Precipitation process	MO	40 ppm	40 mg	Visible	105	96.88	165
WO3/SBA-15	In situ and wet impregnation	MO	100 mg/L	0.3 g/L	Visible	30	98	166
Iron oxide magnetic	Thermal decomposition process	AB10B	0.01 mM	200 mg/L	RPR3500 lamps	120	76	167
Tin-doped BiFeO3/graphene	Coprecipitation method	CR	100 mg/L	—	Xenon lamp	60	100	168
Poly(azomethine)/TiO2	Two-step synthesis	Bismarck brown	50 ppm	500 mg	Sunlight	300	95	169
CdS/Ag	Coprecipitation	RR 120	50 ppm	50 mg	UV solar light	120	93	170
						75	93
		AB 1	10 ppm	10 mg	UV solar light	50	95
						30	92
		DB 15	10 ppm	10 mg	UV solar light	50	94
						35	92
F-SCN	Thermal polymerization	MO	10 mg/L	50 mg	Visible light	60 min	77%	171
CS-BiOCl/ZnO	Hydrothermal route	CR	1 mg/100 mL	50 mg	UV light	40	93	172
rGO-Poly[ViEtIm]-[PW12O40]	Anion exchange	MO	50 mg/L	20 mg	—	180	98.7	173
Pt–Au/TiO2/BaFe12O1	Electrospun	AR 14	0.05 mg/L	50 mg	Tungsten light	120	95.2	174
Ag2O/CuWO4	Coprecipitation method	AO 7	15 mg/L	(1 g/L)	Sonocatalytic	60	84.7	175
CoZnO/PVA	Coprecipitation method	MO	—	—	UV-vis light radiation	48	98	176
ZnAlxB2−xO4	Solution combustion method	RB 5	10^−5 M	0.1 g	Sunlight	60	98	178
NiO/TiO2	Chemical reduction method	Orange II	50 ppm	0.02 g	UV light	30	96	179
F, Sm^3+ codoped TiO2/MWCNTs	Sol-gel	Brilliant black BN	50 mg/L	100 mg	Visible light region	180	99	180
MWCNTs/CoFe2O4	Coprecipitation	AB113	25 mg/L	0.4 g/L	UV light	60	100	181
TiO2@Cd-MOF)	Sol-gel method	MO	10 mg/L	10 mg	Visible-light	60	94.1	182
TiO2@Fe3O4@C-NFs	Hydrothermal	Azo dye	—	100 mg	UV-halogen-lamp	200	90	183
ZnO nanorods	Seed-mediated	AR 88	20 mg/L	—	UV light A	180	97	184
(Ce0.92Cu0.04Bi0.04O2)	Hydrothermal	MO	10 mg/L	10 mg	Solar light	50	95.79	185
CeO2/ZrO2	Coprecipitation method	Orange G	10 ppm	0.20 g/L	Solar light	400	90	186
FeOxrGO/Ti	Wet impregnation	RB5	10 mg/L	—	Solar light	120	99.9	187
Bimetallic FeNi alloy	Precipitation	CR	250 mg/L	80 mg	—	150	99.41	188
MnFe2O4/α-MnO2	Hydrothermal	Orange G	2.5 mL	0.5 mL	—	30	96.8	189
BiOCl-Cu2CoSnS4-TiO2	Coprecipitation method	DB 71	20 mg/L	100 mg	Sunlight	60	91.4	190
Ag/Ag3PO4-BiOBr-C3N4	Coprecipitation method	RR120	20 ppm	100 mg	Sunlight	30	92.6	191