Review Article
Recent Advances in Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation Approaches for Azo Dyes
Table 1
An overview of photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes using different photocatalysts.
| Photocatalyst | Synthesis method | Pollutant | Pollutant conc | Catalyst dosage | Light | Time (min) | Kinetic (min−1)/degradation (%) | Ref |
| Mesoporous iron oxides | Sol-gel | Orange II | 0.1 mM | 0.25 g/L | Visible | 180 | 0.02 | 110 | Magnetite (γ-Fe2O3) | One-step aqueous method | Orange I | 20 mg/L | 0.4 g/L | UV and visible | 18 | 48.89 | 111 | Iron oxide | Biosynthesis | Direct orange S | 10 mg/L | 1 g/L | Ultrasonication | 60 | 89 | 112 | Iron oxide | Aqueous solution process | MO | — | — | UV light | 105 | 80 | 113 | Fe2O3 | Green synthesis | BB 41 | 50 mg/L | 0.4 g | Visible | 120 | 77.3 | 114 | AB 58 | 82.5 | α-Fe2O3 | Hydrothermal | Acid redG | 50 mg/L | 0.1 g | LED lamp | 90 | 98 | 115 | Fe2O3 | Biosynthesis | MO | 10 ppm | 50 mg | UV lamp | 90 | 93.5 | 116 | α-Fe2O3 | Coprecipitation | MO | 10 ppm | 100 mg | UV lamp | 5 | 94 | 117 | MR | 76 | Fe2O3 | Combustion | MO | 20 mg/L | 0.05 mg | UV | 100 | 95.3 | 118 | TiO2 | Sol-gel route | MO | 20 ppm | 12 mg | Sunlight | 120 | 79 | 119 | TiO2 | Solvothermal | MO | 0.06 M | 0.3 g | Mercury | 50 | 96 | 121 | Sunlight | 40 | 94 | TiO2 | Sol-gel route | MO | 20 mg/L | 4000 mg | UV | 180 | 82 | 124 | Visible | 72 | TiO2 | Sol-gel | Novacron red C-2BL | — | — | UV irradiation | 100 | 98 | 126 | CuO | Combustion | Trypan blue | 5 μg/L | 100 mg | UV sunlight | 150 | 90 | 127 | CuO | Thermal process | MO | 1 × 10−5 M | — | UV lamp | 240 | — | 128 | CuO | Precipitation | MO | 20 mg/L | — | Visible | 120 | 87 | 129 | NiO | Coprecipitation | CR | 20 ppm | 5 mg | Sunlight | 160 | 80 | 133 | NiO | Coprecipitation | MO | 30 mg/L | 74 mg | UV light | 210 | 82 | 134 | NiO | Hydrothermal route | CR | 10 mg/L | 0.1 g | Visible light | 30 | 98 | 135 | NiO | Green synthesis | CR | 10 mg/L | 0.1 g | Sunlight | 35 | 95 | 136 | ZnO | Sol-gel | MO | 30 mg/L | 10 mg | UV lamp | 25 | 99.45 | 137 | CR | 99.70 | DB 38 | 99.21 | ZnO | Commercially available | Acid brown 14 | 5 × 10−4 mol·l−1 | 2.5 g/l | Sunlight | 120 | 84.72 | 138 | ZnO | Green synthesis approach | Orange 16 | 0.4 g in 100 mL | 0.1 g | Sunlight | 180 | 93 | 139 | ZnO | Precipitation | EBT | 20 μg/mL | 10 mg | Visible | 30 | 46.89 | 140 | UV-fluorescent | 99.83 | ZnO | Sol-gel | AR183 | 10 ppm | 2 gm/L | UV light | 800 | 79% | 143 | Cobalt titanate | Coprecipitation method | AR 27 | 50 mg L−1 | 20 mg | — | 30 | 100 | 144 | AY17 | 100 | AB120 | 80 | SrSnO3 perovskite | Pechini method | RNL | 10 mg/L | 60 mg | 9 W UVC lamp | 600 | 98 | 145 | CeNiO3 (CNO) | Hydrothermal | OG | 2 × 10−5 mol·L−1 | 0.2 g/L | UV light | 240 | 95 | 146 | Perovskite SrTiO3-δ (STO) | Nitrate route | CR | 10 mg/L | 0.8 g/L | UV light | | 62 | 147 | Solar light | 97 | Lanthanum nickelate, LaNiO3 (LNO) | Ultrasonication process | OG dye | 3.5 × 10−5 mol/L | 27 mg | Tungsten halogen lamp | 24 | 96 | 148 | LaNiO3 perovskite | Sol-gel citrate method | RB 5 | 100 mg/L | 1 g/L | — | — | 65.4 | 149 | NiFe2O4 nanoparticles | Green route | CR | 5 mg L−1 | 5 mg | Sunlight | 75 | 85 | 150 | Manganese ferrite | Chemical precipitation | RR198 | 100 mg/L | 0.20 g | UV–C lamp | 90 | 99 | 151 | 95 | BiFeO3 (BFO) | Sol-gel | Mordant blue 9 | (50 mg/l) | 0.1 g | Visible | 180 | 88.5 | 152 | Mg1-xZnxFe2O4 | Combustion method | Reactive Blue-19 | 25 mg/L | 20 mg | 300 W Xe lamp | 90 | 99.5 | 153 | Zinc ferrite | Reduction-oxidation method | Orange II | 100 mg/L | — | Visible | 30 | 69.1 | 154 | Manganese ferrite | Precipitation | CR | 50 mg/L | 50 mg | Xenon | 30 | 98.3 | 155 | α-Fe2O3, NiFe2O4, ZnFe2O4 | Sol-gel | Amido black 10b | 25 mg/L | 0.1 g | Visible light | 90 | 89 | 156 | 85 | 92 | BiOCl | Solvothermal | MO | 20 mg/L | 0.3 g | UV light simulated sunlight light | 20 | 99 | 157 | BiOI | Template free route | MO | 10 mg/L | 0.20 g | Visible light | 30 | 90.8 | 158 | BiOBr | Solvothermal | MO | 10 mg/L | 0.080 g | Solar light | 60 | 97 | 159 | BiOI | Solvothermal | EBT | 15 mg/L | 400 mg/L | LED | 60 | 86.7 | 160 | MO | 47.4 | BiOCl | Solvothermal method | RO84 | 20 mg/L | 0.3 g | UV lamp sunlight | 60 | 40 | 162 | 99 | β-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 | In situ growth strategy | MO | 10 mg/L | 1.25 g/L | Simulated solar light | 240 | 0.43 | 163 | Fe3O4@SiO2@Rucore-shell | Three-step method | MO | 30 mg/L | 10 mg | Visible | 150 | 0.0428 | 164 | MR | 0.0338 | ZnS/ZnCr2O4 | Precipitation process | MO | 40 ppm | 40 mg | Visible | 105 | 96.88 | 165 | WO3/SBA-15 | In situ and wet impregnation | MO | 100 mg/L | 0.3 g/L | Visible | 30 | 98 | 166 | Iron oxide magnetic | Thermal decomposition process | AB10B | 0.01 mM | 200 mg/L | RPR3500 lamps | 120 | 76 | 167 | Tin-doped BiFeO3/graphene | Coprecipitation method | CR | 100 mg/L | — | Xenon lamp | 60 | 100 | 168 | Poly(azomethine)/TiO2 | Two-step synthesis | Bismarck brown | 50 ppm | 500 mg | Sunlight | 300 | 95 | 169 | CdS/Ag | Coprecipitation | RR 120 | 50 ppm | 50 mg | UV solar light | 120 | 93 | 170 | 75 | 93 | AB 1 | 10 ppm | 10 mg | UV solar light | 50 | 95 | 30 | 92 | DB 15 | 10 ppm | 10 mg | UV solar light | 50 | 94 | 35 | 92 | F-SCN | Thermal polymerization | MO | 10 mg/L | 50 mg | Visible light | 60 min | 77% | 171 | CS-BiOCl/ZnO | Hydrothermal route | CR | 1 mg/100 mL | 50 mg | UV light | 40 | 93 | 172 | rGO-Poly[ViEtIm]-[PW12O40] | Anion exchange | MO | 50 mg/L | 20 mg | — | 180 | 98.7 | 173 | Pt–Au/TiO2/BaFe12O1 | Electrospun | AR 14 | 0.05 mg/L | 50 mg | Tungsten light | 120 | 95.2 | 174 | Ag2O/CuWO4 | Coprecipitation method | AO 7 | 15 mg/L | (1 g/L) | Sonocatalytic | 60 | 84.7 | 175 | CoZnO/PVA | Coprecipitation method | MO | — | — | UV-vis light radiation | 48 | 98 | 176 | ZnAlxB2−xO4 | Solution combustion method | RB 5 | 10−5 M | 0.1 g | Sunlight | 60 | 98 | 178 | NiO/TiO2 | Chemical reduction method | Orange II | 50 ppm | 0.02 g | UV light | 30 | 96 | 179 | F, Sm3+ codoped TiO2/MWCNTs | Sol-gel | Brilliant black BN | 50 mg/L | 100 mg | Visible light region | 180 | 99 | 180 | MWCNTs/CoFe2O4 | Coprecipitation | AB113 | 25 mg/L | 0.4 g/L | UV light | 60 | 100 | 181 | TiO2@Cd-MOF) | Sol-gel method | MO | 10 mg/L | 10 mg | Visible-light | 60 | 94.1 | 182 | TiO2@Fe3O4@C-NFs | Hydrothermal | Azo dye | — | 100 mg | UV-halogen-lamp | 200 | 90 | 183 | ZnO nanorods | Seed-mediated | AR 88 | 20 mg/L | — | UV light A | 180 | 97 | 184 | (Ce0.92Cu0.04Bi0.04O2) | Hydrothermal | MO | 10 mg/L | 10 mg | Solar light | 50 | 95.79 | 185 | CeO2/ZrO2 | Coprecipitation method | Orange G | 10 ppm | 0.20 g/L | Solar light | 400 | 90 | 186 | FeOxrGO/Ti | Wet impregnation | RB5 | 10 mg/L | — | Solar light | 120 | 99.9 | 187 | Bimetallic FeNi alloy | Precipitation | CR | 250 mg/L | 80 mg | — | 150 | 99.41 | 188 | MnFe2O4/α-MnO2 | Hydrothermal | Orange G | 2.5 mL | 0.5 mL | — | 30 | 96.8 | 189 | BiOCl-Cu2CoSnS4-TiO2 | Coprecipitation method | DB 71 | 20 mg/L | 100 mg | Sunlight | 60 | 91.4 | 190 | Ag/Ag3PO4-BiOBr-C3N4 | Coprecipitation method | RR120 | 20 ppm | 100 mg | Sunlight | 30 | 92.6 | 191 |
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