|
| Class | Detection | Column | Limit of detection (mg/kg) | Specific samples analyzed | References |
|
| Dithiocarbamates | DAD/APCI MS | CN: 250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm; C18–250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm water-MeOH (80 : 20): isocratic | 0.01–0.1 | Grapes: 93 µg/L | [81] |
| 4 multi-class | DAD | C18: 250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm fitted with guard column 4 mm × 3 mm CAN & water: gradient | 0.5–1 |
| Carbamates phenylureas | ESI-MS | C18: 150 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm; MeOH & water: gradient
125-4: 100 mm × 5 µm; water & 0.01% acetic acid in MeOH: gradient | 0.001–0.01 |
Neonicotinoids
Guanidines | ESI-MS ESI-MS-MS | C18: 150 mm ×2.1 mm × 5 µm; 0.3% HCOOH in water and 0.3% HCOOH in ACN: gradient | 0.010–0.025 |
| Azadirachtoids | ESI-MS-MS | C18: 250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm; ACN, 0.1% HCOOH and 0.01% sodium acetate: gradient | 0.0004–0.008 | | [82, 83] |
| 9 multi-class | ESI-MS-MS | C18: 150 mm × 2.1 mm × 3.5 µm; 0.1% HCOOH in water and 0.1% HCOOH in ACN: gradient | 0.002–0.007 |
| 6 multi-class | ESI-MS-MS | 75 mm × 2.0 mm × 4 µm; 10 mM aqueousammonium formate, pH 3.9 & ACN: gradient | — |
|
8 multi-class
7 multi-class
3 multi-class | ESI-MS-MS; TQ
ESI-MS-MS
ESI-MS-MS | C18: 100 mm × 2.1 mm × 5 µm; 0.01% HCOOH in MeOH & 0.01% HCOOH in water: gradient C18: 100 mm × 3 mm × 4 µm; ammonium acetate-acetic acid 20 mM in water and ammonium acetate acetic acid 20 mM in MeOH-water (95 : 5): gradient C18: 125 mm × 2.1 mm × 5 µm; 2.5 mM ammonium acetate in water & 0.01% HCOOH in MeOH: gradient | 0.002–0.013 | Orange: 0.0007–0.02 mg/kg | [84] |
12 multi-class
Triazoles | ESI-MS-MS
ESI-MS-MS | 150 mm × 2.0 mm/0.1% HCOOH, 0.1% HCOOH in CAN & ACN: gradient C18: 50 mm × 2.1 mm × 5 µm; 0.01% HCOOH in ACN-water (35 : 65): isocratic | 0.0007 |
| Carbamates | ESI-MS-MS | C18: 10 mm × 2.1 mm × 5 µm; 0.01% HCOOH in water; 0.01% HCOOH in MeOH: gradient | |
| 8 multi-class | ESI-TOF-MS | C8: 150 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm: gradient
C18: 25 cm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm; MeOH-ACN-water (85 : 15): gradient | 0.0005–8 | Berries: 0.005–0.01 mg/kg |
| Carbamates | ESI-MS | C8: 150 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm; MeOH-water (70 : 30): Isocratic | |
| Carbamates | FD | C18: 150 mm × 63 mm × 3 µm; ACN-water (45 : 55): gradient | |
|
| Ureas | FD | C18: Guard column: 20 mm × 3.9 mm × 4 µm; MeOH, water & ACN: gradient | 0.000055–0.00015 | | [85] |
| Carbamates | FD | C18: 30 × 4 mm × 5 µm/0.01 M ammonium, acetate-ACN (70 : 30) and 0.01 M ammonium acetate-CN (45 : 55): gradient | | |
Phenols, azoles
Neonicotinoids | FD
MS | C18: 75 mm × 4.6 mm × 3 µm; MeOH & water: gradient C18: 75 mm × 4.6 mm × 3.5 µm; water, MeOH & 10% acetic acid: gradient | 0.01–0.02 | Cucumbers: 0.05 mg/kg |
7 multi-class
Carbamates, organophosphorus | MS-MS
MS-MS | C18:150 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm; MeOH, water with 10 mM ammonium formate: gradient
150 mm × 2.1 mm × 5 µm; water-MeOH & ACN with 1.0 mM ammonium acetate: gradient | 0.00001–0.00097 |
| Carbamates | MS-MS; TQ | C18: 50 mm × 2.1 mm × 3.5 µm; ACN-MeOH 5 mM aqueous ammonium-acetate (43 : 43 : 14): gradient | 0.0004–0.003 | Banana: 0.01–0.23 mg/kg |
| Benzoylphenylureas | MS-MS | C18: 150 mm × 2.1 mm × 5 µm; 10 mm aqueous ammonium acetate & MeOH: gradient | |
| 23 multi-class | MS-MS | C18: 150 mm × 2.0 mm × 5 µm with a C18 Meta guard cartridge 30 mm × 2.0 mm | |
| 11 multi-class | MS-MS | MeOH-buffer (2 mM ammonium formate, pH 2.8): gradient | |
| 5 multi-class | TOF-MS | C8: 150 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm; 0.1% HCOOH in water & ACN: gradient C8: 150 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm; 0.1% HCOOH in water & ACN: gradient | 0.000006–0.00009 |
|
| Azole, dicarboximide | TOF-MS | C8: 150 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 mm; 0.1% HCOOH in water & ACN: gradient | 0.00025–0.0008 | Apples: 4.6 µg/L | [86, 87] |
| Ureas | TOF-MS | C18: 50 mm × 2.1 mm × 5 µm; water & MeOH: gradient | |
| Organophosphates | TQ-MS-MS | C18: 150 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm; MeOH in water: gradient | 0.010–0.025 |
5 multi-class
18 multi-class | TQ-MS; QIT-MS
ULPC-MS-MS | C18: 100 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.7 µm; 0.005 M ammonium acetate in water & MeOH: gradient C18: 100 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.7 µm; MeOH & 0.01% HCOOH in water: gradient C18: 100 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.7 μm; 0.01% HCOOH in water & MeOH: gradient C18: 100 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.7 µm; 0.01% HCOOH in MeOH & 0.01% | 0.5–20 |
34 multi-class
20 multi-class | UPLC-MS-MS
UPLC-MS-MS | HCOOH in water & MeOH: gradient NH2; 250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm connected to NH2 guard column 20 cm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm; MeOH-water (70 : 30): isocratic C18: 25 cm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm; ACN, water and ammonia solution: isocratic | 0.0007–0.003 |
| 15 multi-class | UPLC-MS-MS; ESI | C18: 125 mm × 3 mm × 5 µm, guard column 4 mm × 4 mm; ACN-0.01% aqueous; ammonium hydroxide, pH 8.4 (35 : 65): isocratic | <0.01 | Coffee bean: 0.016–1.115 (mg/kg) |
| Tetrazines | UV | C18: 15 cm × 4 mm × 5 µm; MeOH-phosphate buffer (60 : 40) and MeOH-ammonium hydroxide (90 : 10): isocratic | 0.05 |
| Benzimidazoles | UV | — | 0.21–0.51 |
| 3 multi-class | UV-vis | — | 0.036–0.071 |
| 3 multi-class | UV-vis | — | — |
|
