Residue of Pesticides in Fruits, Vegetables, and Their Management in Ethiopia

Table 2

GC determination of pesticides in fruits and vegetables.

Class	Detection	Column/Chromatography	Limit of detection (mg/kg)	Specific samples analyzed	References
Strobilurines	ECD	100% PDMS 25 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 µm	3	Tomatoes: 0.001–0.070 µg/L	[88, 89]
Organochlorine, pyrethroid	ECD; MS; EI	5% phenyl methyl polysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; Splitlessmode	0.003–0.015
3 multi-class	ECD; MS; EI	5% phenyl methyl polysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; Splitlessmode	0.0003–0.015
10 multi-class	ECD; MS	5% phenyl 95% dimethylpolysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm; 35 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm; Splitlessmode	—
Azole	ECD	30 m × 0.53 mm × 1.25 μm	0.05
Organochlorine	ECD; MS	Methylpolysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; 5% phenyl polysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	0.001	Green pepper: 0.004–0.063 mg/kg	[88]
6 multi-class	ECD; MS	Methylpolysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; Diphenyl dimethylpolysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	0.001
Organophosphorus, pyrethroids	ECD;MS;EI	25 m × 0.25 mm; 50 m × 0.25 mm × 0.33 µm	−0.004–0.057
Organochlorines	ECD	30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 µm; 25 m × 0.22 mm × 0.25 µm
Pyrethroids	ECD	—	0.1–0.2
Organochlorines	ECD, FPD	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	—
5 multi-class	ECD;MS	5% phenyl methylpolysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	−0.000008	Cucumbers: 0.05 mg/kg
Organophosphorus	FID	100% dimethylpolysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.1 µm	0.00004
Organophosphorus	FPD	30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 µm	0.00021–0.00056
Organophosphorus	FPD	30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 µm	0.00098–0.00220
Organophosphates	FPD	30 m × 0.53 mm × 1 µm	0.01
8 multi-class	GC-TOF-MS; GC × GC-TOF-MS	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; 1 m × 0.1 mm × 0.1 µm	—
7 multi-class	MS	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; Split/splitlessmode	−0.00001–0.0083
14 multi-class	MS; MS-MS; Alternatively CI/EI	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; Split/splitlessmode
3 multi-class	MS; EI	5% phenyl 95% PDMS 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; Split/splitless mode	0.01–0.02	Onion: 0.001–0.094 µg/L
13 multi-class	MS	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm
17 multi-class	MS;EI	5% phenyl polysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; Split/splitlessmode	0.0001–0.0047
4 multi-class	MS	5% phenyl polysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	0.0001–0.0016
Organophosphorus, organochlorines	MS; EI	30 m × 0.32 mm	—
Pyrethroids	MS;EI	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	0.0009–0.0138	Spinach: 0.005–0.01 mg/kg	[81]
18 multi-class	MS	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; Splitless mode	−0.003–0.025
Pyrethroids	MS	30 m × 0.25 μm × 0.25 µm
5 multi-class	MS	30 m × 0.25 μm × 0.25 µm	−0.0052–0.0127
Organophosphorus	MS	5% phenyl methylpolysiloxane 30 × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm
Organophosphorus	MS; EI	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm
Chlorobenzenes, organochlorines	MS	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	0.001–0.024
	—	—	—
Unclassified	MS	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	—	Okra: 0.005–0.01 mg/kg	[90]
8 multi-class	MS-MS	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	−0.0019–0.0073
Organophosphorus, unclassified	NPD	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm
Organophosphorus, unclassified	NPD	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	0.019–0.082
Organophosphorus	NPD	30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 µm	0.00007–0.006
Organophosphorus	NPD; MS;EI	Dimethylpolysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; 5% phenyl polysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	0.0001–0.00006
8 multi-class	MS; EI	60 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	0.001–0.003
26 multi-class	MS; EI	5% diphenyl 95% dimethylsiloxane 15 m × 0.15 mm × 0.15 µm; PTVmode	0.0001–0.0065
3 multi-class	MS	5% diphenyl 95% dimethylpolysiloxane 30 m × 0.25 mm; Split/splitless mode	0.005–0.025	Potatoes: 0.003–0.082 µg/g	[91]
Organophosphorus	MS	30 m × 0.20 mm × 0.25 μm; Splitlessmode	0.002–0.090
Organophosphorus	MS; EI	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm; Large volume injection (LVI)	—
Organophosphorus	TSD	30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm	—