A Review on Bioactive Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Aegiceras corniculatum: A Pharmaceutically Important Mangrove Plant

Table 3

In vivo pharmacological effect of A. corniculatum extract.

Test model	Dose (mg/kg)	Route	Mechanism of action	Reference
Model of nociception based on the writhing response generated by acetic acid, formalin-induced paw licking test, and hot plate test in mice	MeOH, n-hexane, and EtOAc extracts of A. corniculatum (stem) (1–100 mg/kg)	Intraperitoneal	The MeOH extract may potentially elicit a central antinociceptive effect through the activation of κ-opioid receptors and the inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis	[41]
			The n-hexane extract functions by activating the peripheral opioid receptors as an opioid agonist, thereby counteracting the symptoms of withdrawal abstinence syndrome through the GABAB receptor
			The neurogenic analgesic effect of the EtOAc extract was not attributed to the opioidergic system, but it may exert its impact by inhibiting the synthesis of proinflammatory PGs
CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	MeOH, n-hexane, and EtOAc extracts of A. corniculatum (stem) (250–1000 mg/kg)	Oral	The n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts have the potential to sequester harmful substances such as trichloromethyl and its peroxy radicals, thereby reducing cellular damage. Additionally, these extracts may exhibit a hepatoprotective effect by inhibiting drug-metabolizing enzymes, specifically cytochrome P-450.	[27]
Glucose oxidase-induced paw edema in mice	MeOH, n-hexane, and EtOAc extracts of A. corniculatum (stem) (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg)	Oral	Suppression of proinflammatory mediator synthesis under conditions of oxidative stress	[27]
Alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats	ACEt extract of A. corniculatum leaves (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight) for 60 days	Oral	The activity of hexokinase has been observed to be elevated, while the activities of glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase have been found to be reduced	[42]
Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and glycogen-induced peritonitis models	MeOH, n-hexane, and EtOAc extracts (1–100 mg/kg) derived from A. corniculatum (stems)	Intraperitoneal	MeOH extract inhibits the COX-1 metabolite, 12-HHT, while increasing the 12-LOX metabolite, 12-HETE	[43]
			Hexane extract reduced 12-HETE synthesis while increasing 12-HHT, and it inhibited the development of 5-LOX metabolites such as leukotriene B4 and 5-HETE
			The EtOH extract demonstrated inhibitory effects on both COX and 5-LOX enzymes, leading to a notable reduction in the production of 12-HHT and LTB4
Antiplasmodial activity in adult male albino rats	15, 30, 60, 120, and 200 mg/kg of polyherbal extracts of A. corniculatum	Oral	N/A	[44]
Antitumor activity in HT-29 colon cancer cell injected male nude mice	n-Butanol extract of A. corniculatum leaves (25 mg/kg) once daily for 18 consecutive days	Oral	The activation of forkhead box proteins by the extract regulates cell cycle checkpoint pathways that are associated with caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic cascades and Bcl-2 family proteins. This leads to cellular apoptosis and arrest of the cell cycle.	[10]
Chronic granulomatous inflammation and arthritis test in albino rats	MeOH extract (10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and acetyl acetate extract (10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) derived from A. corniculatum leaves	Oral	Both extracts effectively decrease chronic inflammation, preventing mononuclear cell infiltration, fibroblast proliferation, collagen fiber production, and granuloma progress	[45]
Acetic acid-induced writhing test and tail immersion test in Swiss albino mice	MeOH extract of A. corniculatum (leaves) (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg)	Oral	Inhibit the enzyme prostaglandin synthetase	[46]
Carrageenan-induced lung injury in Swiss mouse using pleurisy model	MeOH and EtOAc extract (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg)	Oral	The decline of nitrate/nitrite concentrations and MPO enzyme levels and reduction of neutrophils and mononuclear infiltration	[47]
MWM test for scopolamine-induced amnesia in aged Swiss albino mice	MeOH extract of Aegiceras corniculatum (AC) leaves at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg for 7 days	Oral	The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were notably reduced	[48]