A Review on Bioactive Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Aegiceras corniculatum: A Pharmaceutically Important Mangrove Plant

Table 4

Pharmacological effect of compounds reported from A. corniculatum.

Compound	Chemical class	Test model	Possible mechanism	Reference
(1) (3β, 16α, 20α)-3, 16, 28-Trihydroxyolean-12-en-29-oic acid 3-{O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 ⟶ 2)-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1 ⟶ 4)]-α-L-arabinopyranoside}	Triterpenoid saponin	In vitro anti-inflammatory test using female C57BL/6 mice bone marrow	Inhibitors of cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 p40	[14]
(2) Aegicoroside A
(1) 3-O-[α-L-Rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ⟶ 2)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ⟶ 2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 ⟶ 3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 ⟶ 2)-β-D-(6′-O-methyl)glucuronopyranosyl]-13β, 28-epoxy-3β, 16α-dihydroxy-olean	Triterpenoid saponin	In vitro apoptosis test using B16F10 melanoma cells	N/A
(2) Sakurasosaponin
(1) 2,5-Didehydroxy-6-methylembelin	Benzoquinone	In vitro antimalarial activity using chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and resistant (K1) strains	N/A	[24]
(2) Embelin
(3) 5-O-Ethylembelin
(4) 5-O-Methylembelin
(5) Acetylation of 5-O-methylembelin
(1) Acornine 1	Triterpenoid saponin	In vitro antifungal effect using S. cerevisiae and T. clypeatus and antimicrobial effect using Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans	N/A	[7]
(2) Acornine 2
(1) 2-Hydroxy-5-ethoxy-3-nonyl1,4-benzoquinone	Benzoquinones	In vitro cytotoxic activities against HL-60, HepG2, BGC-823, NCI-H1650, and A2780 cell lines by the MTT assay	N/A	[23]
(2) 5-O-Butyl-embelin
(3) 5-O-Methylembelin
(4) 5-O-Methyl-rapanone
(5) 5-O-Ethylembelin
(1) Gallic acid	Polyphenolic acid	In vitro allelopathic effects on Cyclotella caspia	Through oxidation it damages cell membrane and cellular components	[11]
(1) 5-O-Ethylembelin	Benzoquinone	In vitro cytotoxicity test against the HL-60, Bel7402, Hela, and U937 cell lines	N/A	[16]
(2) 5-O-Methylembelin
(1) Sakurasosaponin	Triterpenoid saponin	In vitro cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds against MCF7 (breast), HCT116 (colon), B16F10 (melanoma), and A549 (adenocarcinoma) cancer cell lines	N/A	[19]
(2) Sakurasosaponin methyl ester
(1) Gallocatechin	Tannin	DPPH radical scavenging	By scavenging free radicals	[25]
(2) Epigallocatechin		Ferric reducing antioxidant assay	By reduction of TPTZ-Fe (III) to TPTZ-Fe (II)
(3) Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate
(4) Epicatechin-3-O-gallate
(5) Epicatechin
(1) Methyl cis-5, 8, 11, 14- eicosatrienoic acid	Fatty acid	Antimicrobial assay of fatty acids through using disk diffusion method using S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumonia, and P. aeruginosa	Due to the metabolic oxidation products of fatty acids	[20]
(2) Linoleic acid
(3) Palmitic acid
(4) Lignoceric acid
(5) cis-10-Heptadecanoic acid
(6) Stearic acid
(7) Oleic acid
(8) Palmitoleic acid
(1) Quercetin	Flavonoid	In vitro anti-inflammatory activity through cytokine inhibition	Suppressed the activity of both cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), resulting in a significant reduction in the synthesis of 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4)	[43]
(2) Kaempferol
(3) Isorhamnetin
(1) Sakurasosaponin	Saponin	In vivo S-saponin induced AR deficiency to check suppression of tumor growth	Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm, elevated caspase-3 activity, and induced apoptosis	[50]
(1) 2-O-(2-Methylpropyl) 1-O-pentyl oxalate	Oxalate	In silico antidiabetes test	DPP-IV inhibition	[21]