Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and DFT Study of Ethyl 1-(2-(Hydroxyimino)-2-phenylethyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate

Zhou, Jin-Hui; Zheng, Liang-Wen; Yan, Mao-Cai; Shi, Mao-Jian; Liu, Jing; Shangguan, Guo-Qiang

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6537402

Journal of Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusion Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 6537402 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6537402

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and DFT Study of Ethyl 1-(2-(Hydroxyimino)-2-phenylethyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate

Jin-Hui Zhou,^1,2Liang-Wen Zheng,²Mao-Cai Yan,¹Mao-Jian Shi,¹Jing Liu,¹and Guo-Qiang Shangguan¹

Academic Editor: Josefina Pons

Received06 Jul 2017

Revised07 Aug 2017

Accepted30 Aug 2017

Published18 Oct 2017

Abstract

The crystal structure of ethyl 1-(2-(hydroxyimino)-2-phenylethyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate has been determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The crystal of the title compound is the monoclinic space group P2/c with unit cell parameters of Å, Å, Å, , Å³, and . The dihedral angles formed by the planes of the central pyrazole ring and the adjacent benzene rings are 73.60(7)° and 3.55(7)°, respectively. The combination of the weak intermolecular C-HO and N-HO hydrogen-bonding interactions stabilizes the crystal packing. The geometries of its Z and E isomers and the corresponding transition state (TS), as well as the dimer of its Z isomer, are optimized using the B3LYP hybrid functional coupled with def-TZVP triple-zeta polarized basis set. The bond angles and bond lengths of the optimized structure of Z dimer are very consistent with those of its single crystal parameters. Double-hybrid functional PWPB95-D3 in combination with very highly accurate basis set def2-QZVP is employed to evaluate accurate energy of each isomer and TS. The calculated equilibrium constant between Z and E isomers corresponds to the [Z]/[E] ratio of 4.29. Mulliken atomic charges and electrostatic potential (ESP) on molecular van der Waals (vdW) surface are calculated in order to study and predict the intermolecular interactions. The molecular total energies and frontier orbital analysis are also discussed.

1. Introduction

Pyrazole oximes are one class of heterocyclic compounds which play a key role in the field of chemistry and pharmacology. It has been found that they exhibit various biological activities that are often related to low toxicity and increase a great amount of beneficial influences on human health. Therefore, they have attracted wide interest for decades owing to their diverse biological properties such as insecticidal [1], acaricidal [2], antitumor [3–5], fungicidal [6], antiviral [7, 8], antibacterial [9–11], COX inhibitory [12], and fluorescent [13, 14] properties.

In our paper, the structure of ethyl 1-(2-(hydroxyimino)-2-phenylethyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate is determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction [15, 16]. Its configuration of oxime bond and intermolecular interactions is confirmed. We have conducted density functional theory (DFT) calculations to prove that selected hybrid functionals and basis sets are particularly suitable for the calculations of the structural parameters, intermolecular hydrogen bonds, and equilibrium constant between Z and E isomers for oximes. Besides, this work provides a possibility to predict these parameters when a certain compound lacks its single crystal. Based on the reliable structure model, the DFT calculations are applied to investigate the optimized structural parameters, which is contrasted with the experimental X-ray diffraction structure. The geometries of Z and E isomers and the corresponding transition state (TS), as well as the dimer of its Z isomer, are optimized using B3LYP hybrid functional coupled with def-TZVP triple-zeta polarized basis set. The bond angles and bond lengths of optimized structure of Z dimer are very consistent with those of its single crystal parameters. Double-hybrid functional PWPB95-D3 in combination with very highly accurate basis set def2-QZVP is employed to evaluate the accurate energy of each isomer and TS. The calculated equilibrium constant between Z and E isomers is calculated to be 4.29 ([Z]/[E]), which is close to the value estimated according to the experimental NMR spectra. The single crystal structure is Z configuration. Mulliken atomic charges and electrostatic potential (ESP) on molecular van der Waals (vdW) surface are calculated to study and predict intermolecular interactions. It is expected that the intermolecular hydrogen bonds must exist in title compound’s molecular crystal. Indeed, the actual crystal structure nicely supports this point. In addition, the frontier orbital analysis and molecular total energies are discussed.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials and Instrumentation

Chemical shifts of ¹³C NMR and ¹H NMR spectra are recorded in ppm and NMR spectra are reported on a Bruker AVANCE 400 MHz spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) with the application of solvent shifts as internal criterion for ¹³C and ¹H (CDCl₃: ¹³C = 77.0, ¹H = 7.26). MS spectra are determined by LTQ Orbitrap Hybrid Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). X-ray single crystal experiments are performed on a Bruker SMART CCD single crystal diffractometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA).

2.2. Preparation of Title Compound

Synthesis of this compound (Scheme 1) refers to a previous literature [3]. Ethyl 1-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate (349.38 mg, 1.0 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (347.45 mg, 5.0 mmol) in EtOH (40 ml) are added to a 100 ml flask with a magnetic stirrer. The flask is stirred and heated slowly. After reflux for about 1 h, sodium acetate anhydrous (410.15 mg, 5.0 mmol) is added to the flask, which maintains continuous reflux for 1.5–4 h. The solvent is removed; the resulting residue is partitioned with water and ethyl acetate layers afterwards. Brine and water are used to wash the organic layer successively, and then it is dried over MgSO₄, evaporating under reduced pressure to give a residue. Recrystallization from absolute ethanol or silica gel column chromatography is used to purify the residue. The obtained target compound is a white solid. Single crystal is collected from the solution, which is obtained after the evaporation of solvent at low temperature for days.

2.3. Crystal Structure Determination

Crystals suitable for diffraction experiment are collected from the solutions. In addition to the data collection, Table 1 also summarizes the structural refinement details. The structure is solved and then refined using the OLEX2 program suite [17] that is equipped with SHELXS and SHELXL program [18]. All nonhydrogen atoms are placed from Fourier map directly by SHELXS and refined anisotropically. Hydrogen atoms on all nonhydrogen atoms are put in calculated positions, and their displacement parameters and coordinates are forced to depend on the carrier atoms. The CIF file could be downloaded from http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk.

2.4. Computational Details

The geometries of Z and E isomers as well as the corresponding transition state (TS) are optimized using B3LYP hybrid functional [19] coupled with def-TZVP triple-zeta polarized basis set [20] within Gaussian 03 package [21]. Then the optimized structures are subjected to frequency analysis at the same level to obtain thermodynamic correction values. Vibrational frequency analysis shows that the optimized structures correspond to the lowest points on the potential energy surfaces without virtual frequencies, which means that the optimized structure is stable. Double-hybrid functional PWPB95-D3 [22] in combination with very highly accurate basis set def2-QZVP [23] is employed to evaluate the accurate energy of each isomer and TS. In this process, the resolution of identity (RI) technique [24] is applied to accelerate electron integral calculations. The molecular electrostatic potential at the B3LYP/TZVP level is analyzed by Multiwfn 3.3.7 software [25] and then plotted using VMD 1.9.1 program [26]. The composition (%) of atomic orbitals in molecular frontier orbitals is analyzed by Multiwfn software.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Crystal Structure

As shown in Figure 1, the asymmetrical unit contains an independent molecule of title compound. The detailed analysis of the molecule shows that all the bond lengths and bond angles are within the normal ranges. The molecule is nonplanar. The dihedral angles that are made by the plane of the central pyrazole ring (ring-2) and its adjacent benzene rings (ring-1 and ring-3) are 73.60(7)° and 3.55(7)°, respectively. The bond lengths of N1-C1 and N1-O1 are 1.298(3) Å and 1.382(3) Å, respectively, which confirms that the bond between N1 and O1 atoms is oxime bond. The torsion angle of O1-N1-C1-C2 is 0.1(3)°, which reveals that the configuration of the double bond is Z.

The supramolecular structure of title compound is formed by various weak interactions, including hydrogen-bonding interactions, aromatic π-π stacking interactions, and C-Hπ interactions. As shown in Figure 2, a dimer is formed through intermolecular hydrogen bond O1-H1. The 3D supramolecular structure is obtained through the weak hydrogen bonds (C14-H14, C17-H17, C19-H19). The structure expanded along an axis through C17-H17 as a C(7) motif. The hydrogen-bonding data are shown in Table 2. In addition to the hydrogen-bonding interactions, there are several aromatic π-π stacking interactions. The aspectant π-π stacking can be found between ring-2 and ring-3 at position and between ring-1 and ring-3 at position. The structure expanded along direction through O1-H1 and Cg3. The π-π stacking interactions are characterized by a centroid to centroid distance of 3.794(3) Å with ring slippage of 1.102 Å for the former and a centroid to centroid distance of 4.044(2) Å for the latter. The π-π stacking data are presented in Table 2.

3.2. Optimized Geometries

It should be mentioned that the optimized hydrogen bonds are 13%–17% longer than those in the corresponding crystal structure of Z isomer monomer. This phenomenon is common, as the position of the hydrogen atoms always cannot be measured correctly. The distances between nonhydrogen atoms are in consistency with the experimental values, whose deviation does not exceed 0.02 Å. The bond angles are also in consistency with the corresponding experimental values with a deviation smaller than 2° (Table 3). The differences between some calculated and experimental dihedral angles are much large, which can be attributed to the different treated methods. The optimization is performed in vacuo, and the dihedral angles are quite flexible. However, in the crystal structures, all the bonds and bond angles would be restricted obviously. Figure 3 shows the plots of Z and E configurations of title compound. The positions of their hydroxyl groups are different, and other geometries remain almost unchanged except for the dihedral angles between benzene rings. The bond angles and bond lengths of optimized structure of Z dimer are very consistent with those of the structural parameters of single crystal.

The selected experimental and theoretical geometrical parameters of monomer and dimer of Z isomer are shown in Table 3. Compared with the crystal structure values, the bond lengths N(1)-O(1) and O(1)-H(1) of Z isomer dimer have a deviation of about 0.02 Å; the band angle N(1)-O(1)-H(1) of Z isomer dimer has a deviation of about 5°. Except for the above deviations, the other bond lengths of title compound are almost the same. The causes of deviations may be ascribed to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in crystal.

3.3. Isomers’ Energies

The single-point energies of Z and E isomers are −1163.366685225933 Hartree and −1163.365234699443 Hartree at the high-accurate PWPB95-D3/def2-QZVP level of theory, respectively. Therefore, the conformational energy of E isomer is 3.81 kJ/mol higher than that of Z isomer. Based on the Gibbs energy correction by the above method, the Gibbs energy difference between Z and E isomers is 3.61 kJ/mol. Therefore, the equilibrium constant between Z and E isomers can be calculated by employing the following equation: . At 298.15 K, the equilibrium constant is calculated to be 0.2331, which corresponds to the [Z]/[E] ratio of 4.29. It is close to the value of 3.7 that is estimated according to the experimental NMR spectra [3].

3.4. Transition State

The transition state (TS) (Figure 4) of the Z-E tautomerism is located. Obviously, the hydroxyl C-N-O is almost in a straight line with a bond angle of 177.85°. The TS energy is 224.88 kJ/mol and 228.69 kJ/mol higher than that of E and Z isomers, respectively.

3.5. Frontier Orbital Energy Analysis and Molecular Total Energies

The frontier orbital energy levels and molecular total energies are demonstrated in Table 4, and their corresponding frontier orbital plots are shown in Figure 6, which are calculated at the B3LYP/def-TZVP level of theory. The most important orbitals in title compound are the frontier molecular orbitals, which are called LUMO and HOMO. The LUMO stands for an ability to get an electron, and HOMO expresses the ability to donate an electron [27] as an electron acceptor. Therefore, they are the most significant factors that influence the bioactivity, and the study on the frontier orbital energy can offer helpful information about the biological mechanism. The energy gap between HOMO and LUMO is 0.17039 Hartree, which indicates that this molecule is chemically inactive, as it cannot be easily excited by small energy. In Figure 6, HOMO is basically on phenyl diazine part of molecule, while LUMO is almost localized on the whole molecule except for the phenyl ring of phenyl diazine part. Therefore, the electrons transit from the phenyl diazine part to almost whole molecule. The HOMO-LUMO gaps of Z and E isomers are obtained at the B3LYP/def-TZVP level of theory, where their HOMO-LUMO gaps are 4.637 eV and 4.665 eV, respectively.

Table 5 shows the composition (%) of atomic orbitals in HOMO and LUMO orbitals, respectively, where the percentage over 0.5% is shown. Obviously, the atomic orbitals of N1, C2, N3, C11, C14, C25, C29, and C31 occupy the most composition (%) of HOMO and N1, N3, O7, C10, C14, O16, C17, and C18 occupy almost the whole composition (%) of LUMO. The atomic number in molecule is shown in Figure 5. The understanding of the composition (%) of atomic orbitals in molecule would be helpful for the studies on the electron- and/or charge-transfer character.

3.6. Mulliken Atomic Charges and Molecular Electrostatic Potential

The computed Mulliken atomic charges of all atoms of title compound are shown in Table 6. There are small charges in terms of all the nitrogen atoms. All the oxygen atoms (O4, O7, and O16) and some of carbon atoms (C2, C20, C23, and C42) have large negatively charged ones, which can have a facile interaction with the positively charged part of the receptor. The atom with the most negative charge is O16, followed by C42 and O4. Therefore, C42 is ready for electrophilic attack. All carbon atoms have negative charges except for the cases of C17 and C11, which would be responsible for nucleophilic attack sites.

Electrostatic potential (ESP) on molecular van der Waals (vdW) surface is important to study and predict the intermolecular interactions [28–30]. It is well known that intermolecular recognition and electrostatic dominated noncovalent interactions tend to occur in terms of electrostatically complementary manner. The investigation of ESP of title compound is supposed to be useful to understand its intermolecular interactions. The ESP mapped vdW surface coped with surface extrema of Z isomer is shown in Figure 7(a).

(a)

(b)

From Figure 7(a), it can be seen that the global maximum of ESP on van der Waals surface is present in the orange sphere with +44.3 kcal/mol, which is the direct consequence of the significantly positively charged hydroxyl hydrogen. Such a high value of ESP indicates that this hydroxyl group must be able to behave as a strong H-bond donor. In Figure 7(a), there are two notable regions where the color is deep blue, and both of them have the corresponding ESP minimum, which reflect the remarkable negative contribution to ESP due to the lone pair of the nitrogens. As highlighted by italic font in the figure, the most negative point is the green sphere containing nitrogen atom in the five-membered ring, implying that it should be the most favorable site to form H-bonds or interact with Lewis acids. Since this compound simultaneously possesses a strong H-bond donor and various H-bond acceptors, it is expected that the hydrogen bonds exist in its molecular crystal. Indeed, the actual crystal structure nicely validated this point. As shown in Figure 7(b), two pairs of equivalent hydrogen bonds can be clearly observed between two adjacent molecules in the crystal structure. Furthermore, we note that each of the hydrogen bonds can be approximately viewed as the result of fusion of global maximum and minimum of ESP, exhibiting that the formation of the hydrogen bonds completely follows the maximal electrostatic complementarity principle. The hydrogen bond length and bond angle are 2.82429 Å and 170.793°, respectively, which are very consistent with the corresponding structural parameters of single crystal in Table 3.

4. Conclusion

In summary, ethyl 1-(2-(hydroxyimino)-2-phenylethyl)-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate is synthesized and featured by NMR, IR, MS, and X-ray single crystal diffraction. The geometries of Z and E isomers and the corresponding transition state (TS), as well as the dimer of Z isomer, are optimized using B3LYP hybrid functional coupled with def-TZVP triple-zeta polarized basis set. The bond angles and bond lengths of optimized structure of Z dimer are almost in full accord with crystal structural parameters. The combination of the weak intermolecular C-HO and N-HO hydrogen-bonding interactions stabilizes the crystal packing. The calculated hydrogen bond length and bond angle are 2.82429 Å and 170.793°, respectively, which is very consistent with the corresponding structural parameters of single crystal. According to the crystal structure, the torsion angle of H1-O1-N1-C1 is 161(2)°, which reveals that the dominant configuration of double bond is Z configuration. Double-hybrid functional PWPB95-D3 in combination with very highly accurate basis set def2-QZVP is employed to evaluate the accurate energy of each isomer and TS. The calculated equilibrium constant between Z and E isomers is 4.29 ([Z]/[E]), which is close to the value of 3.7 that is estimated according to the experimental NMR spectra.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this work.

Acknowledgments

The theoretical calculations are performed in the laboratory of Professor Yuxiang Bu. In addition, the authors thank Professor Baoxiang Zhao very much for his helpful discussions. Their institution is School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Shandong.

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Copyright © 2017 Jin-Hui Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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