ECOPS: Energy-Efficient Collaborative Opportunistic Positioning for Heterogeneous Mobile Devices

Table 1

Characterization of various positioning methods.

Positioning method	Accuracy	Energy efficiency	Equipment availability	Service limitations
GPS	High (within 10 m)	Low	Low	Indoor and canyon
WPS	Moderate (within 50 m)	Moderate	High	Coarse AP density area
Cell-ID Positioning	Low (within 5 Km)	High	Moderate	Rural area