Coordinated Optimal Control of Secondary Cooling and Final Electromagnetic Stirring for Continuous Casting Billets

Table 3

Distribution of billet internal defects.

Defect levels	Porosity (%)	Carbon segregation	Shrinkage cavity	Center crack
0	21.5	24.7%	75.0%	100%
0.5	63.2	60.3%	23.5%	0
1.0	13.8	15.0%	1.5%	0
>1.0	1.5	0	0	0