Organic Nitrates and Nitrate Resistance in Diabetes: The Role of Vascular Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress with Emphasis on Antioxidant Properties of Pentaerithrityl Tetranitrate

<table>Sequence of events during activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the setting of hyperglycemia (diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2) or nitrate tolerance. Some therapeutic and experimental interventions are also shown. AT-II: angiotensin-II; DAG: diacylglycerol; PKC: protein kinase C; Thr495 P-eNOS: threonine495-phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase; NO: nitric oxide; O<sub>2</sub><sup>•−</sup>: superoxide; ONOO<sup>-</sup>: peroxynitrite; PGIS: prostacyclin.</table>

Journal of Diabetes Research

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Figure 2: Organic Nitrates and Nitrate Resistance in Diabetes: The Role of Vascular Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress with Emphasis on Antioxidant Properties of Pentaerithrityl Tetranitrate 

Figure 2 | Organic Nitrates and Nitrate Resistance in Diabetes: The Role of Vascular Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress with Emphasis on Antioxidant Properties of Pentaerithrityl Tetranitrate 