Diabetic Inhibition of Preconditioning- and Postconditioning-Mediated Myocardial Protection against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Table 1

Potential candidates that may have protective effect against ischemia reperfusion injury related with Akt/GSK-3β pathway.

Potential candidates	Target of signaling pathway	Reference
Lithium chloride	GSK-3β inhibitor	[44]
Indirubin-3 monooxime	GSK-3β inhibitor	[44]
SB216763	GSK-3β inhibitor	[44]
Zinc	Inactivation of GSK-3β directly or indirectly	[42, 64–67]
Adenosine	Activation/translocation of PKC, PI3K, and MAPK	[68]
Endogenous opioids	JAK-STAT pathway and then inactivation of GSK-3β	[69–72]
Erythropoietin	Activate Akt and inhibit GSK-3β	[43, 73, 74]
Sevoflurane	Phosphorylates Akt and then GSK-3β	[75]

Except for the GSK-3β inhibitors, most of other potential candidates may exert their protective effect against ischemia reperfusion injury through activation of Akt and then inactivation of GSK-3β.