TXNIP Links Innate Host Defense Mechanisms to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Retinal Muller Glia under Chronic Hyperglycemia: Implications for Diabetic Retinopathy
Figure 4
Time-dependent effect of HG on ROS and ATP generation in rMC1. (a) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was measured using a fluorescence probe, CM-H2DFA. ROS level is reduced at both 4 and 24 h significantly (, ) but rises at day 3 to 5 (, ). (b-c) ATP level was determined in rMC1 cells by a Renilla-based luminescence assay kit (Invitrogen). Intracellular ATP is increased at 4 h (, ) and reduces at 24 h as well as at day 2 through 5 (, ). However, at day 3 and 5, the level of ATP is further reduced to ~65% of the control.
