Links between Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction
Table 2
(a) Patients’ characteristics by number of positive CAF tests. (b) Patients’ characteristics by number of positive CAF tests. (c) Patients’ characteristics by antidiabetic therapy.
(a)
Variable
Category
Number of positive CAF tests
All
value
At least one
None
61
119
180
Age
0.9372
BMI
0.0032
BMI class
<25
10 (16.4)
35 (29.4)
45 (25.0)
0.0227
25–30
21 (34.4)
49 (41.2)
70 (38.9)
≥30
30 (49.2)
35 (29.4)
65 (36.1)
Duration
0.9071
Duration ≥5 years
Not assessed
3 (·)
5 (·)
8 (·)
0.4557
No
34 (58.6)
60 (52.6)
94 (54.7)
Yes
24 (41.4)
54 (47.4)
78 (45.3)
Family diabetes
No
11 (18.0)
23 (19.3)
34 (18.9)
0.8336
Yes
50 (82.0)
96 (80.7)
146 (81.1)
Family hypertension
No
38 (62.3)
71 (59.7)
109 (60.6)
0.7324
Yes
23 (37.7)
48 (40.3)
71 (39.4)
Fibers
0.9747
HDL-cholesterol
0.0685
Hb
0.0292
Hb> 6.5%
Not assessed
1 (·)
0 (·)
1 (·)
0.0864
No
15 (25.0)
45 (37.8)
60 (33.5)
Yes
45 (75.0)
74 (62.2)
119 (66.5)
Hb> 7%
Not assessed
1 (·)
0 (·)
1 (·)
0.0299
No
25 (41.7)
70 (58.8)
95 (53.1)
Yes
35 (58.3)
49 (41.2)
84 (46.9)
Height
0.0429
Fibers >30 g/diet
Not assessed
13 (·)
22 (·)
35 (·)
0.8568
No
26 (54.2)
51 (52.6)
77 (53.1)
Yes
22 (45.8)
46 (47.4)
68 (46.9)
Hypertension
No
27 (44.3)
78 (65.5)
105 (58.3)
0.0061
Yes
34 (55.7)
41 (34.5)
75 (41.7)
Lipids >30%
Not assessed
13 (·)
22 (·)
35 (·)
0.0048
No
28 (58.3)
78 (80.4)
106 (73.1)
Yes
20 (41.7)
19 (19.6)
39 (26.9)
Metabolic syndrome
No
8 (13.1)
50 (42.0)
58 (32.2)
<0.0001
Yes
53 (86.9)
69 (58.0)
122 (67.8)
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or %. Two-sided values refer to the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables and Pearson’s χ 2 for categorical variables.
(b)
Variable
Category
Number of positive CAF tests
All
value
At least one
None
Metabolic syndrome score
1
3 (4.9)
13 (10.9)
16 (8.9)
0.0001
2
5 (8.2)
37 (31.1)
42 (23.3)
3
18 (29.5)
27 (22.7)
45 (25.0)
4
23 (37.7)
34 (28.6)
57 (31.7)
5
12 (19.7)
8 (6.7)
20 (11.1)
Proteins >15%
Not assessed
13 (·)
22 (·)
35 (·)
0.0838
No
24 (50.0)
34 (35.1)
58 (40.0)
Yes
24 (50.0)
63 (64.9)
87 (60.0)
Glucides >55%
Not assessed
13 (·)
22 (·)
35 (·)
0.4146
No
6 (12.5)
8 (8.2)
14 (9.7)
Yes
42 (87.5)
89 (91.8)
131 (90.3)
Sex
Female
23 (37.7)
40 (33.6)
63 (35.0)
0.5859
Male
38 (62.3)
79 (66.4)
117 (65.0)
Triglycerides
0.0089
Waist circumference
0.0146
Weight
0.0597
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or %. Two-sided values refer to the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables and Pearson’s χ 2 for categorical variables.
(c)
Antidiabetic therapy
Sex
Patients/total
Diet alone
Male
34/117
Female
17/63
Diet + metformin
Male
26/117
Female
25/63
Diet + sulphonylureas or glinides
Male
15/117
Female
3/63
Diet + metformin+
Male
27/117
sulphonylureas or glinides
Female
8/63
Diet + insulin (basal/bolus)
Male
6/117
Female
6/63
Notes. (1) The remaining 4 female subjects out of 63 were treated either with Insulin (basal/bolus) plus metformin or with insulin (basal/bolus) plus sulphonylureas or glinides plus metformin). (2) The remaining 9 male subjects out of 117 were treated either with insulin basal plus glitazones and metformin or with insulin basal plus sulphonylurea and metformin.