Vasoprotection by Dietary Supplements and Exercise: Role of TNFα Signaling

Figure 1

Dietary supplements (fish oil, dietary fiber, and various flavonoid and nonflavonoid natural products) exert vasoprotective benefits by inhibiting TNFα production and its downstream signaling pathways. There are dichotomies in the effects of exercise training on TNFα production. Whereas acute exercise has been reported to increase the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chronic exercise reduces TNFα levels.