|
| Animal model | Type of diabetes | Onset of hyperglycemia | Temporal morphological lesions in retina upon development of hyperglycemia | Temporal functional lesions in retina upon
development of hyperglycemia (ERG, SLO, fMRI) |
|
Cellular |
Vascular |
|
| Rabbit | | | | | |
| STZ injection | Type 1 | Did not mentioned | 19 wk:
(i) Moderate vasculopathy with hard or soft exudates, widespread hemorrhages in 10% of eyes [211]
(ii) Serious vasculopathy with serious retinal and preretinal hemorrhages, vascular lesions, hemovitreous, and venous thrombosis in 40% of eyes [211]
(iii) Proliferant retinopathy in 50% of eyes [211] | | |
| Diet-induced | Type 2 | Between 12 and 24 wk of diet | | 12 wk of special diet:
(i) Increased microaneurysms [212]
(ii) Presence of hyperfluorescent dots consistent with microaneurysms [212] | |
| VEGF implant | — | — | | 7 days after implementation: increased dilation and tortuosity of retinal vessels [213]
14 days after implementation:
(i) Presence of numerous small tortuous blood vessels [213]
(ii) Leakage of blood vessels [213]
21 days after implementation: neovascularization [213] | |
|
| Cat | | | | | |
| Pancreatectomy | Type 1 | 1-2 wk after surgery | | 3–10 mth: basement membrane thickening [218]
5 yr: microaneurysms [216]
6.5 yr: small intraretinal hemorrhages [216]
7.5 yr:
(i) Presence of area of capillary nonperfusion [216]
(ii) IRMA [216]
8.5 yr: small foci of neovascularization [216] | |
|
| Dogs | | | | | |
| Galactose-fed | — | — | 19 mth of feeding: pericyte loss [222]
24 mth of feeding: uneven distribution of endothelial cells [222]
60 mth of feeding:
(i) Soft exudates [222]
(ii) Gliosis in the nerve fiber layer [222] | 27-28 mth of feeding: microaneurysm formation [222, 223]
33 mth of feeding:
(i) Dot and blot hemorrhages [222]
(ii) Degenerated microaneurysms and varicose enlargements [222]
36 mth of feeding:
(i) Confluent hemorrhages [222]
(ii) Increased acellular capillaries [225]
(iii) Increased endothelial cells to pericytes ratio [225]
37–46 mth of feeding: nonperfusion [223, 224]
56 mth of feeding:
(i) Preretinal hemorrhage [222]
(ii) Broad areas of nonperfusion [222]
(iii) IRMA [222]
60 mth of feeding:
(i) Occluded arterioles [222]
(ii) Large arteriovenous shunts [222]
(iii) Node formation on arterial and arteriolar walls [222]
66 mth of feeding:
(i) Intravitreal hemorrhage [222]
(ii) Partial posterior vitreous detachment [222]
68 mth of feeding: neovascularization [224]
84 mth of feeding: intravitreal retinal-vascular growth [222] | |
| STZ/alloxan injection | | | 4 yr:
(i) Pericytes loss [220]
(ii) Loss of smooth muscle cells [220] | 3 yr: basement membrane thickening [220] | |
|
| Pigs | | | | | |
| Alloxan injection | Type 1 | 15 days | 90 days: Müller cells reactivation [227]
20 wk: pericyte loss [229] | 20 wk:
(i) Reduced total number of BRB capillaries [229]
(ii) Capillary collapse [229] | |
| STZ injection | Type 1 | 1 wk | | 18 wk:
(i) Basement membrane thickening [230, 231]
(ii) Rarefaction [231] | |
| Surgery + RPE injection | — | — | 14 days:
(i) Formation of contractile membranes on the inner retinal surface [232]
(ii) Localized traction retinal detachments [232] | | |
|
| Monkey | | | | | |
| Spontaneous, STZ-induced, or pancreatectomy | Type 1 | — | 6–15 yr: atrophic macula [233] | 6–15 yr:
(i) Cotton-wool spots in the peripapillary region [233]
(ii) Microaneurysms [233]
(iii) Capillary dropout [233]
(iv) Capillary dilatation [233]
(v) Focal intraretinal capillary leakage spots [233]
(vi) Arteriolar and venular occlusions [233] | |
| Spontaneous obese | Type 2 | — | 3–8 yr:
(i) Macular edema [234]
(ii) Reduction thickness of ONL [235]
(iii) Reduction thickness of inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor layers [235] | 3–8 yr:
(i) Cotton-wool spots [234]
(ii) Intraretinal hemorrhages [234]
(iii) Nonperfused areas [234]
(iv) Small IRMAs [234]
(v) Microaneurysms [234] | 5 yr:
(i) Amplitude loss in multifocal ERG [235]
(ii) Reduced amplitudes in ERG [235]
(iii) Delayed a-waves in ERG [235] |
| VEGF implant | — | — | | 2 wk after implementation: severe BRB breakdown [213]
3 wk after implementation: retinal vascular dilation and tortuosity [213] | |
|
| Zebrafish | | | | | |
| Glucose-induced | Type 1 | 1 day | 28 d: decreased IPL thickness [238] | | |
| Hypoxia-induced | — | — | | 12 days:
(i) Increased branch points [240]
(ii) Increased number of sprouts [240]
(iii) Reduced intercapillary distance [240]
(iv) Increased vascular area [240] | |
| Vhl −/− | — | — | | 5.75 dpf: increased hyaloid and choroidal vascular networks [242]
7.25 dpf: vascular leakage [242]
7.5 dpf:
(i) Presence of blood vessels in the IPL [242]
(ii) Severe macular edema [242]
(iii) Retinal detachment [242] | |
|
