Role of Vitamin D in Cardiometabolic Diseases

Table 3

Risk factors for developing vitamin D deficiency.

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Advanced age

Institutionalized or home-bound

Use of sunscreen with sun protection factor > 15

Heavily pigmented skin

Air pollution

Prolonged, exclusive breastfeeding

Northern latitudes

Smoking

Obesity

Malabsorption syndromes

Renal or liver disease

Antiepileptic or HIV medications

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