Cumulative Effects of Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Chronic Kidney Disease on Carotid Atherosclerosis in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Demographic and ultrasonographic characteristics in Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes with different numbers of atherosclerosis risk factors.

Parameters	Total	Groups with different number of atherosclerosis risk factor			𝑃 value (Adjusted)
		Group 1; 0 (𝑛=17)	Group 2; 1 (𝑛=49)	Group 3; ≥2 (𝑛=40)
Age, years	58.1±9.0	56.9±7.8	57.1±8.9	60.0±9.4	—
Gender (female/male), n	67/39	11/6	27/22	29/11	—
Presence of plaque, n	47	4	19	24	0.017*
Plaque score	—	—	—	—	0.005*
Hypertension, n	60	—	27	33	—
Dyslipidemia, n	65	—	28	37	—
CKD, n	5	—	0	5	—
Coronary heart disease, n	1	0	0	1	—
Stroke, n	3	0	1	2	—
Blood glucose, mmol/L	7.53±1.65	7.36±1.41	7.63±1.85	7.47±1.51	0.921
HbA1c, %	6.90±0.96	6.74±0.82	6.98±1.05	6.85±0.91	0.981
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.72±0.85	4.38±0.53	4.73±0.80	4.84±0.99	0.080
HDL, mmol/L	1.33±0.30	1.32±0.12	1.34±0.34	1.32±0.31	0.814
LDL, mmol/L	2.82±0.73	2.54±0.48	2.86±0.67	2.89±0.86	0.124
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.23±0.72	1.12±0.48	1.16±0.68	1.36±0.84	0.203
eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m^2	87.81±14.37	94.33±12.67	88.66±13.05	84.02±15.70	0.022*
IMT, 𝜇m	685.1±123.3	676.7±119.5	671.5±128.5	705.5±118.6	0.624
DC, 1/KPa	0.017±0.007	0.018±0.005	0.017±0.008	0.015±0.005	0.441
CC, mm^2/KPa	0.781±0.381	0.908±0.719	0.762±0.311	0.750±0.280	0.343
𝛼	5.590±1.729	5.400±1.739	5.550±1.774	5.715±1.703	0.866
𝛽	11.302±3.494	10.530±3.445	11.301±3.577	11.632±3.446	0.633
PWV, m/s	7.986±1.284	7.583±1.237	7.990±1.323	8.151±1.250	0.434

^∗𝑃 value (Adjusted) indicates significant difference after the adjustment of age and gender. CKD: Chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, IMT: intima-media thickness; DC: distensibility coefficient; CC: compliance coefficient; and PWV: pulse wave velocity.