Vitamin D Insufficiency Is Associated with Lower Physical Function in Patients with Heart Failure and Diabetes
Table 1
Clinical and biochemical characteristics according to vitamin D status and diabetes mellitus.
Characteristc
Vitamin D sufficient
Vitamin D insufficient
()
()
No DM
DM
No DM
DM
Male
17 (68.0)
13 (72.2)
39 (61.9)
26 (65.0)
0.855
Age (years)
54.4 ± 9
57.8 ± 6
53.1 ± 9
56.2 ± 6
0.051
Caucasian
19 (76.0)
17 (94.4)
49 (77.8)
32 (82.1)
0.106
Previous cardiovascular disease*
9 (36)
7 (38.9)
38 (60.3)
25 (62.5)
0.050
LVEF (%)
39.1 ± 16
36.7 ± 11.9
31.5 ± 13.3
35.5 ± 14
0.101
Left ventricular dysfunction
18 (72)
14 (78)
55 (87)
28 (70)
0.166
Functional Class (NYHA)
I
11 (47.8)
8 (57.1)
22 (36.7)
10 (33.3)
0.424
II
8 (34.8)
5 (35.7)
27 (45.0)
9 (30.0)
III
4 (17.4)
1 (7.1)
9 (15.0)
9 (30.0)
IV
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
2 (3.3)
2 (6.7)
Drugs in use
Metformin
—
12 (66.7)
—
23 (57.5)
<0.001
Sulfonyurea
—
5 (27.8)
—
9 (22.5)
<0.001
Insulin
—
4 (22.2)
—
12 (30.0)
<0.001
Diuretic
18 (72.0)
15 (83.3)
55 (87.3)
37 (92.5)
0.137
ACEi or ARA II
22 (88.0)
14 (77.8)
51 (81.0)
31 (77.5)
0.747
Aspirin
7 (28.0)
13 (72.2)
30 (47.6)
26 (65.0)
0.008
Mass (Kg)
82.1 ± 17
81.9 ± 13
75.3 ± 16
84.6 ± 20
0.992
BMI (Kg/m2)
28.7AB ± 5
30.2AB ± 5
27.7A ± 5
31.5B ± 6
0.007
Muscle mass (kg)
31.9 ± 7
30.4 ± 5
28.7 ± 7
32.1 ± 10
0.163
Fat mass (Kg)
25.4 ± 9
27.5 ± 10
24.2 ± 9
27.7 ± 12
0.339
Metabolic basal rate (Kilocalories)
1597 ± 265
1461 ± 400
1475 ± 248
1607 ± 342
0.078
Waist circumference (cm)
100.4AB ± 11
105AB ± 20
99.0A ± 14
107.1B ± 15
0.031
Arm circumference (cm)
33.2 ± 5
34.6 ± 4
32.3 ± 5
33.9 ± 4
0.154
Tricipital fold (mm)
18.6 ± 7
22.2 ± 9
20.0 ± 8
21.9 ± 9
0.375
Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg)
122.2 ± 22
115.9 ± 14
121.8 ± 23
130.4 ± 18.7
0.077
Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg)
78.8 ± 12
76.6 ± 11
80.8 ± 19
81.9 ± 15
0.479
HbA1c (% and mmol/mol)
—
8.3 ± 3
—
7.7 ± 2
0.442
(67 ± 2)
(61 ± 2)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
188.5 ± 41
161.0 ± 28
178.8 ± 47
179.5 ± 69
0.440
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
41.7 ± 12
37.7 ± 9
38.1 ± 10
37.1 ± 8
0.382
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
149 (100–202)
163 (105–196)
153 (114–214)
138 (99–273)
0.524
Prothrombin time (s)
16.0 ± 8
15.3 ± 7
15.3 ± 7
16.0 ± 8
0.957
Calcium (mg/dL)**
9.3 ± 1
9.3 ± 1
9.4 ± 1
9.5 ± 1
0.662
Magnesium (mg/dL)
2.1 ± 0
1.9 ± 0
2.1 ± 0
2.0 ± 0
0.060
PTH (pg/mL)
63.6 ± 20
62.7 ± 34
77.6 ± 38
78.3 ± 42
0.186
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
14.2B ± 1
13.3AB ± 2
13.7AB ± 2
12.8A ± 2
0.007
GFR (mL/min/m2)***
95.4 ± 37
88.0 ± 35
86.7 ± 27
90.9 ± 40
0.739
CRP (mg/dL)
3.8 (1.7–6.9)
5.3 (2.1–8.8)
2.9 (1.1–6.7)
3.5 (1.0–10.6)
0.383
Mean ± standard deviation, (%) or median (P25–P75), as needed. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc). DM: diabetes mellitus; LVEF: left vetricular ejection fraction; GFR: glomerular fraction rate. ACEi: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. ARA II: angiotensin II receptor blockers. Mass, body mass index (BMI), muscle mass, fat mass and basal metabolic rate were obtained using bioimpedanciometry. HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin), is expressed in NGSP units (%) and in IFCC units (mmol/mol). PTH: parathyroid hormone. *Previous cardiovascular disease included myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery and percutaneous coronary revascularization. **Corrected for albumin. ***GFR was calculated with the MDRD equation.
