Dairy Consumption and Insulin Resistance: The Role of Body Fat, Physical Activity, and Energy Intake

Table 3

Mean differences in HOMA by the dairy intake categories, without and with adjustment for the potential confounders.

HOMA^*	Dairy consumption categories
	Low consumption		Moderate consumption		High consumption
	= 68		= 136		= 68
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Variable controlled
None	0.19^a	0.58	0.22^a	0.55	0.41^b	0.53	6.90	0.0091
Age (years)	0.19^a		0.22^a		0.41^b		6.77	0.0098
Weight (kg)	0.21^a		0.21^a		0.43^b		9.18	0.0027
Body fat (%)	0.18^a		0.23^a		0.40^b		7.67	0.0060
Energy intake (kJ/day)			0.22^a		0.39^b		4.68	0.0315
Total activity (counts/week)	0.19^a		0.22^a		0.42^b		7.47	0.0067
Education	0.18^a		0.21^a		0.40^b		6.48	0.0114
Carbohydrate (% of kJ)	0.17^a		0.23^a		0.42^b		7.84	0.0055
Protein intake (% of kJ)	0.19^a		0.23^a		0.41^b		5.87	0.0160
Fat intake (% of kJ)	0.17^a		0.23^a		0.43^b		8.40	0.0041
Insoluble fiber (g/4184 kJ)	0.19^a		0.22^a		0.42^b		7.45	0.0068
Soluble fiber (g/4184 kJ)	0.19^a		0.22^a		0.42^b		7.69	0.0059
All covariates			0.19^a		0.34^b		4.71	0.0309

HOMA values were log-transformed.
Statistically significant at the trend level (0.05 < < 0.10).
Means on the same row with the same superscript letter are not significantly different ( > 0.05).
Low consumption included women with dairy intake at or below the 25th percentile. Moderate consumption included dairy intake between the 25th and 75th percentiles. High consumption included dairy intake at or above the 75th percentile. Mean dairy consumption (servings per 4184 kJ) for the low, moderate, and high consumption categories were 0.1 ± 0.1, 0.5 ± 0.2, and 1.2 ± 0.4 servings per day, respectively.