Roles of Commensal Microbiota in Pancreas Homeostasis and Pancreatic Pathologies

Table 1

Microbial species implicated in diabetes. A current list of the characterized microbes is shown, which includes the experimental models that were evaluated and the observed effects according to each microbial species. The respective bibliographies are also listed (last column).

Microbial species	Experimental model	Effects	References
Bacteroides sp.	BB-DP/BB-DR rats	Increase in rats that develop T1D over time	[229]
	Children positive to T1D autoimmune process	More abundant in case, secreting short chain fatty acids that do not induce mucin synthesis	[195]
	Meconium from children delivered by mothers with different diabetes status	Higher incidence in the meconium of children of diabetic mothers	[230]
	Fecal samples of children with beta-cell autoimmunity	Increased in fecal sample of children with beta-cell autoimmunity	[220]
	Rats; with streptozotocin-induced diabetes	Increased in cases	[202]
	NOD mice	Increased after neutral water consumption with increase in diabetes incidence	[206]
	TLR2 knockout (KO) mice	Loss of TLR2 in mice results in a phenotype reminiscent of metabolic syndrome with an increase in Bacteroides	[188]
Bacteroides dorei and Bacteroides; vulgatus	Stool samples from children susceptible to T1D	Higher in cases compared to controls prior to seroconversion	[193]
Lactobacillus strains	BB-DP/BB-DR rats	Higher incidence in DM-resistant models	[231]
Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2	BB-DP/BB-DR rats	Mitigates the development of type 1 diabetes	[216]
Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum	Fecal sample of children with b-cell autoimmunity	Decreased in fecal sample of children with beta-cell autoimmunity	[220]
Bifidobacterium strains	BB-DP/BB-DR rats	Higher incidence in DM-resistant models	[231]
	Mice high-fat diet-induced diabetes model	Treatment with the probiotic strain decreased bacterial translocation process from intestine towards tissue in model of high-fat diet-induced diabetes	[215]
	NOD mice	Gluten-free diet lowered the incidence of diabetes and increased this bacterial population	[207]
Pseudobutyrivibrio strains	BB-DP/BB-DR rats	Higher incidence in DM-resistant models	[231]
Pontibacillus (halophilic genus)	BB-DP/BB-DR rats	Higher incidence in DM-prone models	[231]
Clostridium genus: Clostridium aldrichii Clostridium fimetarium Clostridium nexile Clostridium orbiscindens	T2D patients	Reduced in cases	[192]
Clostridium hylemonae	BB-DP/BB-DR rats	Higher incidence in DM-resistant models	[231]
Prevotella genera	Children positive to T1D autoimmune process	More abundant in controls; synthetizing mucin	[195]
Akkermansia genera: Akkermansia muciniphila	Children positive to T1D autoimmune process	More abundant in controls; synthesizing mucin	[195]
	NOD mice	Vancomycin treatment increased the incidence of the species and lowered the incidence of DM	[232]
	NOD mice	Gluten-free diet lowered the incidence of diabetes and increased this bacterial population	[207]
Veillonella	Children positive to T1D autoimmune process	More abundant in case, secreting short chain fatty acids that do not induce mucin synthesis	[195]
Alistipes	Children positive to T1D autoimmune process	More abundant in case, secreting short chain fatty acids that do not induce mucin synthesis	[195]
Bifidobacterium	NOD mice	Gluten-containing diet increased the incidence of diabetes and increased this bacterial population	[207]
Tannerella	NOD mice	Gluten-free diet lowered the incidence of diabetes and increased this bacterial population	[207]
Barnesiella	NOD mice	Gluten-free diet lowered the incidence of diabetes and increased this bacterial population	[207]
Firmicutes phylum	Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes;	Increased in cases	[202]
	NOD mice	Decreased after neutral water consumption with increase of diabetes incidence	[206]
	T2D patients	Reduced in cases	[192]
	TLR2 knockout (KO) mice	Loss of TLR2 in mice results in a phenotype reminiscent of metabolic syndrome with an increase in Firmicutes	[188]
Human; Firmicute strain CO19	Children with high genetic risk for T1D	Higher incidence in controls	[195]
Klebsiella	Rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes	The diabetic state was characterized by a massive increase in Klebsiella	[202]