Research Article
Diabetic Retinopathy in Pregnancy: A Population-Based Study of Women with Pregestational Diabetes
Table 4
Women who received appropriate screening (
). Characteristics of those who demonstrated retinopathy progression compared with those who did not.
| | | No progression | Progression | value |
| | (%) | 137 (74.1%) | 48 (25.9%) | | | Diabetes type 1 | 92 (67.2%) | 42 (87.5%) | | | Diabetes type 2 | 45 (32.8%) | 6 (12.5%) | | | Age (years) | 32.64 ± 5.35 | 33.60 ± 5.15 | 0.28 | | Caucasian ethnicity | 128 (93.4%) | 46 (95.8%) | 0.54 | | Parity | 0.99 ± 1.16 | 0.73 ± 1.05 | 0.09 | | Gravida | 2.44 ± 1.54 | 2.21 ± 1.53 | 0.17 | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.78 ± 6.32 | 27.50 ± 5.30 | 0.35 | | Prepregnancy care | 82 (59.9%) | 26 (54.2%) | 0.49 | | Folic acid | 97 (70.8%) | 32 (66.7%) | 0.59 | | Diabetes duration (years) | 9.79 ± 8.36 | 14.43 ± 8.42 | <0.001 | | Excessive weight gain in pregnancy | 76 (55.5%) | 29 (60.4%) | 0.88 | | 1st trimester | 7.03 ± 1.39 | 7.67 ± 1.62 | 0.01 | | HbA1c (%) | (53.0 ± 4.2) | (60.0 ± 4.9) | | 3rd trimester | 6.27 ± 0.93 | 6.29 ± 0.70 | 0.89 | | HbA1c (%) | (45.0 ± 2.8) | (45.0 ± 2.1) | | Change in HbA1c between 1st and 3rd trimester (%) | 0.74 ± 0.90 (9.6 ± 11.7) | 1.38 ± 1.33 (17.9 ± 17.3) | 0.004 | | Preeclampsia | 17 (12.4%) | 7 (14.6%) | 0.80 | | Systolic blood pressure at booking (mmHg) | 122.1 ± 13.0 | 128.6 ± 18.0 | 0.03 | | Diastolic blood pressure at booking (mmHg) | 72.89 ± 10.3 | 76.0 ± 9.4 | 0.73 | | Nonsmoker | 118 (86.1%) | 40 (83.4%) | 0.63 | | Baseline retinal findings | | | | | R0 (no retinopathy) | 82 (59.9%) | 32 (66.7%) | | | R1 (background) | 33 (24.1%) | 9 (18.8%) | | | R2 (preproliferative) | 6 (4.4%) | 4 (8.3%) | | | R3 (proliferative) | 10 (7.3%) | 0 (0%) | | | Maculopathy | 6 (4.4%) | 3 (6.3%) | |
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Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), number of patients, and % of group.
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