Recent Trends in Therapeutic Approaches for Diabetes Management: A Comprehensive Update

Table 1

Representation of the multiple primary and secondary forms of diabetes, the defective metabolism, and the adverse effects on the body organs.

Classification of diabetes	Effects on the body	Symptoms
Primary diabetes
Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus	Destruction of β cells	Deficiency of insulin
Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus	Insulin resistance	Loss of insulin secretion
Secondary diabetes/symptoms due to primary diabetes
Hormonal imbalance	Acromegaly; Pheochromocytoma
Pancreatic dysfunction	Pancreatitis; Pancreatectomy; Cushing’s syndrome; Glucagonoma
Drugs or chemical induced reactions,; for example, anticancer agents; Thiazide; Psychoactive agents like; glucocorticoids,; streptozotocin, or diazoxide	Drug induced reactions	Hypersensitivity; reactions
Insulin receptor abnormalities	Genetic syndromes; Hyperlipidemia; Muscular dystrophy
Malnutrition	Hyperglycemia	Enhanced sugar levels
Glycosuria	Glycosuria; Loss of weight	Excessive secretion of sugar in urine
Ketonuria	Ketosis and elimination in urine; Dehydration
Lipemia	—	Increased levels of lipid, fatty acids, and cholesterol in blood
Acidosis	—	Lowering of pH of blood
Cataract and lesions of blood vessels (atheromatous, and artherosclerotic)