Overweight and Obesity Based on Four Reference Systems in 18,382 Paediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes from Germany and Austria
Table 1
Clinical characteristics, HbA1c level, and insulin therapy of T1D study participants. Data are given for the years 2000, 2004, 2009, and 2013.
Year of measurement
2000
2004
2009
2013
Number of participants
9,461
13,014
16,011
18,382
<0.001
Male (%)
51.8
52.2
52.9
52.5
<0.001
Age (years)
11.8 ± 3.8
12.0 ± 3.9
12.0 ± 3.9
12.2 ± 3.9
<0.0001
Age at T1D onset (years)
7.6 ± 3.8
7.6 ± 3.9
7.5 ± 4.0
7.5 ± 4.0
<0.0001
Diabetes duration (years)
4.2 ± 3.5
4.4 ± 3.6
4.5 ± 3.6
4.6 ± 3.7
<0.0001
Weight (kg)
46.7 ± 18.4
48.5 ± 19.4
48.7 ± 19.8
49.2 ± 19.6
<0.0001
Height (cm)
150.4 ± 21.7
151.2 ± 22.2
151.9 ± 22.3
152.7 ± 22.1
<0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)
19.6 ± 3.4
20.0 ± 3.8
20.0 ± 3.8
20.0 ± 3.9
<0.0001
HbA1c (mmol/mol)
64.2 ± 19.5
62.9 ± 17.8
63.4 ± 16.4
62.3 ± 16.3
<0.05
Insulin dose/weight (U/kg/d)
0.79 ± 0.29
0.84 ± 0.31
0.92 ± 0.34
0.95 ± 0.30
<0.0001
CT (%)
33.0
17.9
9.3
5.1
<0.0001
MDI (%)
63.5
70.8
58.3
51.1
<0.0001
CSII (%)
3.5
11.3
32.4
43.8
<0.0001
Unadjusted mean values ± SD, values obtained from a regression model adjusted for age, gender, and diabetes duration, and values for trend. CT: conventional insulin treatment, MDI: multiple daily injections, and CSII: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.
