Review Article

Positive Psychological Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Rationale, Theoretical Model, and Intervention Development

Box 2

Sample introductory page from the PP manual.
Why is this study being performed?
 For people with diabetes, it can be a real challenge to stick to a healthy diet, be physically active, and follow a medication
plan. Research suggests that experiencing positive thoughts and feelings (like feeling hopeful, satisfied, or proud) can help
people to stick to healthy behaviors. For this reason, we are trying to find ways to help people with diabetes experience
more positive emotions in their daily lives.
 Positive psychology, a new approach to helping people, focuses on improving positive emotions and might help people to feel
more hopeful, grateful, and happy. Positive psychology is an area of psychology that focuses on helping people to experience
greater life satisfaction through specific, intentional activities. These include identifying and using your personal strengths,
appreciating pleasant events during your day, performing kind acts for others, and using past successes to accomplish
future goals.
 We have studied positive psychology exercises in patients with other medical illnesses, and these participants found the
exercises easy and helpful. However, positive psychology has not been scientifically studied in people living with diabetes,
and we want to learn more about whether they can help people with this condition to have happier and healthier lives.
What is my role?
 We strongly believe that these exercises will help people like you who have diabetes—but we need your assistance to find out
for sure! Based on our experience, we have specifically selected the positive psychology exercises that we think will be most
helpful to people who are dealing with diabetes.
 We will ask you to complete 7 exercises over the course of 10 weeks. For each exercise, you will complete the exercise
and then write about your experience. Each week you will also speak with a study trainer by phone to
review the exercise and learn about the next one.
So what is this “positive psychology”, anyway?
 Positive psychology is an area of psychology that is interested in helping people to experience more positive emotions
and better mental health. This is done through specific, intentional activities that are designed to improve mood. These
exercises include savoring pleasant events during your day, using your strengths, performing kind acts for others, or
remembering past successes.
 There is an increasing amount of scientific research about the lasting power of positive psychology. At this stage, positive
psychology exercises have been studied in over 4000 people, and we’ve found that they can improve mood, quality of life,
and health.
Is it really possible for a person to experience more positive emotions?
 Yes. It appears that almost half of a person’s happiness is directly under one’s own control (the rest is determined
by genetics and life circumstances), and specific activities (like the ones you will perform in this study) can improve
feelings of peace, happiness, and optimism. Like other activities that can benefit health, positive psychology exercises take
practice, and there will be some exercises that may really be a great match for you, while others may be less effective.
But with some effort, we believe that you will discover positive psychology activities that you will enjoy and that will
provide you with lasting benefit.
What are some myths about positive emotions?
Myth #1: “My circumstances must change before I could possibly feel good.”
 It is normal to believe that if only something about the circumstances of our lives would change, then we would be happy.
It can seem that finding a new roommate, getting a job, or having a life partner are required before one can experience more
hope, happiness, or life satisfaction.
 Circumstances absolutely can have an impact on happiness. There is also no question that people can improve their
level of happiness without a change in circumstances. In fact, intentional activity (like the exercises you will be completing)
appears to have a more powerful effect on happiness than life events!