A Family History of Diabetes Modifies the Association between Elevated Urine Albumin Concentration and Hyperglycemia in Nondiabetic Mexican Adolescents
Table 1
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics by urine albumin concentration group.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristic
Normal UAC ( = 451)
Elevated UAC ( = 64)
value‡
Female (%)
47.7
56.3
0.199
Age (years)
16.6 ± 0.9
16.6 ± 1.0
0.795
16.0 (16.0, 17.0)
16.5 (16.0, 17.0)
Tanner sexual stages (%)
II–IV
66.5
78.1
0.063
V
33.5
21.9
Smoking (%)
5.8
3.2
0.559
Family history of diabetes (%)
12.8
10.3
0.527
Physical activity (h/day)
2.2 ± 1.0
2.2 ± 1.0
0.934
2.0 (1.5, 2.8)
2.1 (1.4, 2.8)
Protein intake (g/day)
87.2 ± 36.1
85.5 ± 28.8
0.909
80.3 (64.5, 100.3)
78.8 (62.8, 105.5)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
22.8 ± 4.4
21.8 ± 3.7
0.057
22.0 (19.7, 24.9)
20.9 (19.4, 23.0)
Nutritional status (%)
Low weight
8.0
9.4
0.479
Normal weight
65.0
71.9
Overweight
16.9
14.1
Obese
10.2
4.7
Waist circumference (cm)
75.6 ± 10.4
72.0 ± 7.6
0.021
73.4 (68.3, 80.7)
71.0 (66.7, 76.1)
Percent body fat (%)
29.8 ± 11.4
26.5 ± 9.9
0.026
29.9 (28.5, 30.9)
25.9 (21.9, 30.0)
Abdominal obesity (%)
16.0
10.9
0.296
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)
4.91 ± 6.43
4.93 ± 0.42
0.597
4.88 (4.55, 5.27)
4.88 (4.61, 5.27)
High glucose (%)
9.1
12.5
0.384
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)
64.2 ± 31.8
57.0 ± 22.8
0.132
56.4 (43.2, 76.8)
49.8 (41.4, 69.0)
High insulin (%)
16.7
9.4
0.134
HOMA-IRa
2.3 ± 1.3
2.1 ± 0.9
0.199
2.0 (1.5, 2.9)
1.9 (1.5, 2.6)
High HOMA-IR (%)
14.4
9.4
0.271
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
113.1 ± 9.9
111.4 ± 12.0
0.237
112.5 (105.5, 120.0)
109.8 (104.3, 119.5)
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
68.9 ± 8.7
67.6 ± 7.7
0.261
68.5 (63.0, 74.5)
67.0 (62.3, 72.9)
High blood pressure (%)
8.0
6.3
0.628
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
1.3 ± 0.8
1.2 ± 0.6
0.476
1.1 (0.8, 1.5)
1.0 (0.8, 1.3)
High triglycerides (%)
14.6
9.4
0.256
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
4.0 ± 0.9
3.8 ± 0.7
0.137
3.9 (3.4, 4.5)
3.8 (3.3, 4.3)
High total cholesterol (%)
8.0
4.7
0.455
HDL-C (mmol/L)
1.1 ± 0.2
1.1 ± 0.2
0.957
1.1 (0.9, 1.2)
1.1 (0.9, 1.2)
Low HDL-C (%)
57.4
65.6
0.213
LDL-C (mmol/L)
2.5 ± 0.7
2.4 ± 0.6
0.330
2.5 (2.1, 2.9)
2.4 (2.0, 2.8)
High LDL-C (%)
10.2
9.4
0.838
MetS (%)
9.3
6.3
0.638
Number of MetS componentsb (%)
0
32.6
25.0
0.408
1
43.7
54.7
2
13.5
12.5
3
10.2
7.8
Values are means ± standard deviation, medians (25th percentile, 75th percentile), or percentage. HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HOMA-IR: insulin resistance, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, MetS: metabolic syndrome, and UAC: urine albumin concentration. ‡Chi square test, Fisher’s exact test, Student’s -test, or Wilcoxon rank sum test. aHOMA-IR: fasting insulin (μU/mL) × fasting glucose (mmol/L)/22.5. bIncluding abdominal obesity.
