Low Intensity Physical Exercise Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling and Myocardial Oxidative Stress and Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats

Table 2

Echocardiographic data.

	C-Sed ()	C-Ex ()	DM-Sed ()	DM-Ex ()
HR (bpm)	276 ± 11	285 ± 21	290 ± 21	281 ± 20
LVDD (mm)	8.52 ± 0.32	8.13 ± 0.47^*	8.47 ± 0.52	8.26 ± 0.33
LVDD/BW (mm/kg)	17.4 (16.8–17.9)	17.5 (16.5–19.1)	23.2 (19.6–25.1)^*	23.9 (22.2–24.8)^#
LVSD (mm)	4.16 ± 0.52	3.97 ± 0.40	4.26 ± 0.59	4.15 ± 0.50
LVPWT (mm)	1.41 ± 0.05	1.45 ± 0.07	1.49 ± 0.16	1.44 ± 0.15
LVMI (g/kg)	1.77 (1.74–1.90)	1.84 (1.70–2.03)	2.43 (2.10–2.75)^*	2.38 (2.26–2.60)^#
LVRWT	0.33 ± 0.02	0.36 ± 0.02^*	0.35 ± 0.04	0.35 ± 0.04
LA (mm)	5.73 ± 0.49	5.67 ± 0.53	6.41 ± 0.54^*
LA/AO	1.45 ± 0.12	1.49 ± 0.12	1.74 ± 0.12^*
EFS (%)	51.2 ± 5.14	51.3 ± 2.98	49.9 ± 4.55	49.8 ± 5.33
EF	0.88 ± 0.04	0.88 ± 0.02	0.87 ± 0.03	0.88 ± 0.04
PWSV (mm/s)	38.8 ± 4.02	39.4 ± 4.54	34.1 ± 2.85^*	35.7 ± 4.52^#
E/A	1.53 ± 0.22	1.65 ± 0.32	1.35 ± 0.22	1.48 ± 0.24
EDT (ms)	47.4 ± 5.79	47.6 ± 6.70	44.7 ± 6.07	47.4 ± 8.71
Tei index	0.48 ± 0.06	0.52 ± 0.08	0.52 ± 0.05	0.58 ± 0.10

Values are mean ± SD or median and 25th and 75th percentiles. C-Sed: sedentary control group; C-Ex: exercised control group; DM-Sed: sedentary diabetic group; DM-Ex: exercised diabetic group; HR: heart rate; LVDD and LVSD: left ventricular (LV) diastolic and systolic diameters, respectively; BW: body weight; LVPWT: LV posterior wall thickness; LVMI: LV mass index; LVRWT: LV relative wall thickness; LA: left atrium diameter; AO: aorta diameter; EFS: LV endocardial fractional shortening; EF: LV ejection fraction; PWSV: LV posterior wall shortening velocity; E/A: ratio of early (E wave) to late (A wave) diastolic mitral inflow velocities; EDT: E wave deceleration time. ANOVA and Bonferroni or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn; versus C-Sed; versus C-Ex; versus DM-Ex.