Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Antioxidant Diet Help to Improve Endothelial Dysfunction in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Trial

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of the three study groups at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of follow-up.

	Group 1; ()	Group 2; ()	Group 3; ()	All; ()
Sex (M/F)	15/10	16/11	11/8	42/29	0.699
Age (years)	16.1 ± 3.1	16.0 ± 3.4	16.5 ± 4.3	16.3 ± 3.4	0.916
Diabetes duration (years)	7.7 ± 4.9	8.2 ± 5.6	8.8 ± 5.7	8.1 ± 5.2	0.743
BMI (kg/m^2)	21 ± 2	22 ± 3	21 ± 3	21 ± 3	0.911
Insulin requirement (U/kg/day)	0.83 ± 0.26	0.85 ± 0.31	0.77 ± 0.33	0.83 ± 0.29	0.775
Insulin requirement (U/kg/day) after 3 months	0.74 ± 0.18; 0.049 versus baseline	0.86 ± 0.27	0.86 ± 0.19	0.82 ± 0.21	0.211
Insulin requirement (U/kg/day) after 6 months	0.85 ± 0.30; 0.007 versus 3 mo	0.83 ± 0.29	0.89 ± 0.19	0.86 ± 0.26	0.887
Basal dose (U/day - %)	25.5 ± 8.6; (50 ± 11)	25.4 ± 7.6; (51 ± 9)	28.4 ± 12.2; (50 ± 11)	26.4 ± 9.5; (50 ± 10)	0.733; 0.789
Basal dose (U/day - %); after 3 months	25.9 ± 9.4; (53 ± 12)	25.4 ± 8.0; (51 ± 7)	29.4 ± 10.7; (52 ± 8)	27.0 ± 9.4; (52 ± 9)	0.513; 0.563
Basal dose (U/day - %); after 6 months	25.8 ± 9.4; (52 ± 14)	25.6 ± 8.3; (52 ± 9)	29.6 ± 11.3; (52 ± 9)	27.2 ± 9.7; (59 ± 10)	0.513; 0.996
Bolus dose (U/day - %)	26.3 ± 10.8; (50 ± 12)	25.6 ± 13.2; (51 ± 9)	24.4 ± 9.0; (47 ± 7)	25.4 ± 11.0; (49 ± 9)	0.916; 0.739
Bolus dose (U/day - %); after 3 months	22.0 ± 9.4; (47 ± 12); 0.047 versus baseline	25.8 ± 11.9; (49 ± 7)	25.9 ± 6.4; (48 ± 8)	24.6 ± 9.2; (48 ± 9)	0.401; 0.564
Bolus dose (U/day - %); after 6 months	25.9 ± 13.3; (48 ± 14)	24.1 ± 12.4; (47 ± 9)	25.9 ± 6.1; (48 ± 9)	25.3 ± 10.6; (48 ± 11)	0.864; 0.989
HbA1c (%)	7.97 ± 1.19	7.96 ± 1.04	7.91 ± 0.76	7.96 ± 1.04	0.856
Reactive hyperemia index	1.40 ± 0.68	1.39 ± 0.41	1.58 ± 0.64	1.47 ± 0.59	0.349
Reactive hyperemia index; after 6 months	1.72 ± 0.66; 0.045 versus baseline	1.58 ± 0.40	1.54 ± 0.42	1.62 ± 0.51	0.002
ORAC in the diet	8872,43 ± 5378,22	9771,96 ± 6266,26	9503,25 ± 9973,67	9382,55 ± 7206,05	0.638
ORAC in the diet at 3 months	11844,09 ± 5603,01	12874,04 ± 7165,52	8489,71 ± 6946,57	11069,28 ± 6571,53	0.036
ORAC in the diet at 6 months	12518,70 ± 5908,64	15496,83 ± 6897,98	11306,83 ± 11737,31	13107,45 ± 8181,31	0.098

By MANOVA test.
BMI = body mass index; HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin; ORAC = oxygen radical absorbance capacity.