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Vitreous mediators | Function |
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Cytokines | IL-6 | (i) Regulating immune responses (ii) Increasing vascular permeability (iii) Angiogenesis (iv) Regulating expression of metalloproteinases |
IL-8 | (i) Chemoattractant (ii) Angiogenesis |
IL-1β | (i) Angiogenesis (ii) Synthesizing collagen |
TNF-α | (i) Antiangiogenic activity, but also proangiogenic effects under certain conditions (ii) Increasing retinal endothelial permeability (iii) Leukocyte adhesion (iv) Oxidation |
HMGB1 | (i) Stabilizing the formation of nucleosomes and gene transcription (ii) Attenuating retinal injury after ischemia-reperfusion (iii) Mediating the secretion of survival factors |
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Transcription factors | NF-κB | (i) Regulating immune response, cell proliferation, and apoptosis (ii) Synthesizing cytokines, chemokines, and proinflammatory molecules |
HIF-1 | (i) Regulating cellular responses under acute and chronic hypoxic condition (ii) Regulating VEGF expression |
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Chemokines | MCP-1 | (i) Recruiting and activating macrophages (ii) Fibrosis and angiogenesis |
IP-10 | Inhibiting angiogenesis |
MIG | Angiostatic activity |
SDF-1 | (i) Stimulating the mobilization of cells involved in tissue repair and promoting migration, proliferation, and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (ii) Promoting repair after ischemic injury (iii) Angiogenesis |
Fractalkine | Angiogenesis |
MIF | (i) Recruiting macrophages to the sites of inflammation (ii) Enhancing macrophages adherence, motility, and phagocytosis |
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Growth factors | VEGF | (i) Increasing vascular permeability (ii) Angiogenesis (iii) Endothelial cell migration and survival (iv) Expression of ICAM and VCAM-1 |
PGF | (i) Potentiating the action of VEGF (ii) Stimulating endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis |
Tenascin-C | (i) Modulating cell growth and cell adhesion (ii) Involved in sprouting of endothelial cells |
IGF 1 | (i) Regulating the proliferation and differentiation of several cell types (ii) Stimulating the production of VEGF |
bFGR | (i) Survival/maturation of neurons and glial cells (ii) Angiogenesis |
HGF | (i) Modulating the motility, growth, and morphogenesis of various cell types (ii) Angiogenesis |
NGF | Stimulating Muller cells to produce bFGF, which in turn stimulates endothelial cell proliferation and secretion of VEGF |
CTGF | Stimulating proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, extracellular matrix production, cell attachment, cell survival, and apoptosis |
Stem cell factor | (i) Involved in survival and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (ii) Promoting survival, migration, differentiation, and capillary tube formation of endothelial cells |
EPO | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, proangiogenic, neuroprotective, and antiapoptotic properties |
Adiponectin | Anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic properties |
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Adhesion molecules | ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin | Recruiting leukocytes |
Soluble vascular adhesion protein | Recruiting leukocytes |
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